Proboscidea (genus)
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Proboscidea is a genus of plants inthe chamois horn family (Martyniaceae). All of the New World , around seven species, originally come from the southern United States and northern Mexico . They are neophytes in many areas of the world. Half of the species of Proboscidea are used in manywaysas ornamental, useful and medicinal plants . All species are known for their unusually shaped, long horned and woody capsule fruits.
description
Appearance
Proboscidea species grow as annual to perennial , herbaceous plants or subshrubs . They form a simple, little branched, sometimes bulbous roots, or turnip-like taproot . The above-ground parts of the plant are almost completely hairy and / or covered with slightly sticky, putrid smelling glandular hair.
The stems, which are usually up to 1 meter long, grow - depending on the species - prostrate to spread, creeping to upright. Depending on the type or location, they can be branched or unbranched.
leaves
The semi-opposite or alternately arranged leaves are divided into petiole and petiole. The petiole is usually long. The base of the blades is heart-shaped to flattened. The furrowed and / or heavily veined, rough leaf blades are broadly ovate, rounded, kidney-shaped, shield-shaped or triangular, simple to indented or lobed in the shape of a hand. The leaf margins can be slightly toothed and / or wavy. The leaves are more or less densely covered with simple, soft and sticky glandular hairs (stalk glands). Stipules are missing.
Inflorescences and flowers
A few (a maximum of five on Proboscidea sabulosa ) or many (up to 50 on Proboscidea parviflora ) flowers, each with one or two (sloping) bracts below, are on terminal, sometimes long-stalked, racemose inflorescences with bracts . The flowering period is usually in mid to late summer.
The strongly fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five more or less unequal, 1 to 2 cm long sepals are mostly free or only briefly fused. The bell-shaped corollas can be cream, yellow, pink, purple, maroon, or lavender . The conspicuous, five 2 to 5 cm long petals are fused from the lower half to one another in the shape of a bell or a funnel. They are constricted at their base. The cylindrical corolla tubes formed in this way, at most about 1 cm long, have a throat 10 to 30 mm in size. The free part of the crown is two-lipped and five-lobed. The throat and lower lip of some species have different colored lines and points than sap marks . Both the outside of the flower tube and the sepals are covered with slightly sticky glandular hairs in most species. Of the usually four stamens , two are shorter than the others, there is a staminode. Two carpels have become a top permanent, single-chamber ovary grown. The narrow stylus ends in a two-lobed, flat scar .
Fruits and seeds
Proboscidea forms elongated, hairy-sticky and long -beaked , fissured capsule fruits . The outer layer, the meso- exocarp , is fleshy and falls off or dries out with increasing ripeness. The then recognizable inner layer, the endocarp , is leathery to woody and furrowed or sculpted. Each individual capsule is dark brown to gray-black in color and forms a 5 to 10 cm long "body" with often a small crest on both sides. Each capsule also has a long tip (rostrum), which is often slightly to strongly bent back, which splits into two to five hooks or "horns" ("chamois horns" or "devil's claws") when the seeds are completely ripe. The horns are one and a half to three times longer than the actual body. The capsule fruits contain 8 to 20 seeds.
The flattened seeds are egg or teardrop-shaped with a length of 6 to 10 mm and a width of 4.5 to 5.5 mm. The corky seed coat (testa) is multilayered and roughly textured, light beige in color, grayish to black-brown. The seeds are characterized by a high oil and tannin content and a remarkable shelf life (up to 5 years).
ecology
Propagation Biology
The hard capsule fruits spread as trample ( epizoochory ), the hardened tips clasp the hooves or paws of larger mammals like pincers, or they get caught in the fur, occasionally also on the shoes of careless hikers. The involuntary "spreaders" crush the capsule fruits and thus set the individual seeds free.
Precarnivory
Various species of Proboscidea , including Ibicella lutea , have been suggested to be carnivorous , as the plants are almost completely covered with sticky glandular hairs and trap countless smaller insects. In their properties, the glandular hairs are very similar to those of Byblis . More detailed investigations showed that the plants do not produce any amino acids , but do produce various proteolytic enzymes . This results in incomplete digestion, which at least allows the absorption and utilization of already dissolved nutrients and animal proteins . Proboscidea is therefore considered to be precarnivorous.
Diseases and pests
Young Proboscidea plants in particular can be attacked by a total of six different viruses , particularly the bean mosaic virus and the cucumber mosaic virus . Both viruses are transmitted by aphids .
Distribution and Invasive Plant Species
The original and natural distribution area of the genus Proboscidea extends in North America over 48 US states (but mainly over the southern states ) down to northern Mexico .
Both in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario is Proboscidea louisianica a neophyte . Proboscidea louisianica is considered an invasive plant species and is controlled in some US states. It also occurs as a neophyte outside of North America, for example in Portugal , Spain , Italy , in the western ( European ) border area of Russia and in Turkey . Proboscidea althaeifolia is a neophyte in Peru . Proboscidea louisianica and Ibicella lutea have also been introduced into the south-east of Australia , and they are controlled in particular in the provinces of South Wales , Queensland and Victoria .
Systematics and botanical history
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etymology
The generic name Proboscidea is borrowed from the Greek word Proboskis and means "beak", "trunk" or "elephant trunk". He refers to the extensions of the fruit tips, the shape of which is reminiscent of the trunks of elephants and mammoths . In the German-speaking world, the plants are called "unicorn flower", "devil's claw", "gemshorn" and / or "trunk fruit". In the English-speaking world, the names "Devil's claw", "Unicorn-flower" and "Ram's horn" are common. Regional and historical names include trivial names such as “Double-claw”, “Goat's head”, “ Cuckold 's horns” and “Elephant tusk”.
Taxonomy
The genus Proboscidea was established in 1762 by Casimir Christoph Schmidel in Icones Plantarum, Edition Keller , 49, plates 12-13. Type species is Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. with the Basionym Martynia louisianica Mill.
External system
The genus Proboscidea belongs to the chamois horn family (Martyniacea), in earlier literature it was still, together with the genera Ibicella and Craniolaria , placed in the sesame family (Pedaliaceae). The genus is divided into two subgenera : Dissolophia and Eu-Proboscidea .
Proboscidea is the most species-rich genus among the Martyniacea. In general, it can be distinguished from the other Gemsenhorn genera; With the exception of Ibicella , only Proboscidea produces capsule fruits with the typical long "chamois horns". Proboscidea differs from Ibicella in its unprimed capsule fruits.
Species and their distribution
About seven species are recognized:
- Proboscidea althaeifolia Benth. & Decne. : It occurs from the southwest USA to northern Mexico and Peru .
- Proboscidea fragrans Lindl. & Decne. : It occurs from the southwest USA to northern Mexico and Australia.
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Proboscidea louisianica ( Mill. ) Thell. : There are about two subspecies:
- Proboscidea louisianica subsp. fragrans (Lindl.) Bretting : It is originally found in Texas and Mexico. For example, it is a neophyte in South Africa and Australia .
- Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. subsp. louisianica : It is originally found in the US states of Kansas , Nebraska , Oklahoma , Colorado , New Mexico and Texas . For example, it is a neophyte in southern Europe, eastern Europe and Australia.
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Proboscidea parviflora ( Wooton ) Wooton & Standl. : There are three subspecies:
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Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standl. subsp. parviflora : There are two varieties:
- Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora var. parviflora : It occurs from the southwest USA to northern Mexico.
- Proboscidea parviflora subsp. parviflora var. hohokamiana Bretting : It occurs only in the southwestern USA.
- Proboscidea parviflora subsp. gracillima (Hevly) Bretting : This endemic occurs only in Baja California , Mexico .
- Proboscidea parviflora subsp. sinaloensis (Van Eselt.) Bretting : It occurs only in northwestern Mexico.
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Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standl. subsp. parviflora : There are two varieties:
- Proboscidea sabulosa Correll : It occurs from Texas and New Mexico to northern Mexico.
- Proboscidea spicata Correll : It occurs from Texas to northern Mexico.
- Proboscidea triloba (Schltdl. & Cham.) Decne. : There are two subspecies:
Although numerous synonyms , subspecies and varieties have been described and in some natural locations several species grow at the same time, so far neither natural nor cultural hybrids have been detected. Proboscidea is therefore considered cross-resistant.
Ethnobotany
Cultural history
Certain Proboscidea species have been cultivated in Europe since the 17th century . Their pretty flowers made them popular as ornamental plants and so they quickly spread over various regions of the world, where they escaped the local garden cultures and have now become part of the local flora as neophytes.
Several types of Proboscidea are used as useful and medicinal plants, especially in the southern United States . Indian peoples like the Navajo , Pima , Havasupai and also the Zuñi cultivate Proboscidea louisianica, Prob. fragrans and prob. parviflora has been in specially planted fields for centuries. A special cultivar ( Proboscidea parviflora var. Hohokamiana , after the Hohokam culture ) could also produce young fruits with a double tip, but this selection went out of fashion because the Indians believed that double-horned fruits would lead to increased twin births in women. Proboscidea althaeifolia was cultivated by the Seri Indians for its edible roots. Because of the versatile usability, Prob. louisianica, prob. fragrans and prob. parviflora is cultivated commercially in Texas and New Mexico (but also outside the USA) to this day .
use
The ripening fruits of Prob. althaeifolia, Prob. louisianica and prob. Parviflora are still picked like pickles by the locals and eaten later. Or, similar to okra , they are boiled or steamed and served with butter. The Navajo and Pima report that the dried leaves and capsules are made into a tea for headaches. A special cultivated form of Proboscidea parviflora can develop fruit hooks with a length of up to 45 cm, which was (and is) used for basket and ornament weaving . In addition to the Navajo and Pima, the Havasupai also use the seeds of the above-mentioned species to produce cooking oil , or they roast and consume them as snacks . Their taste is described as similar to that of sunflower seeds . Pickled young fruits and seeds are also popular as snacks in Mexico . Amulets and small works of art made from the woody capsule fruits are still popular there as gifts.
literature
- Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). Dissertation, Arizona State Univ., December 2011, PDF from ASU Digital Repository (PDF; 41.7 MB), accessed on September 26, 2018.
- Clarence A. Hall: Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-93326-2 .
- H.-D. Ihlenfeldt: Martyniaceae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants . Volume 7: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2004, ISBN 3-540-40593-3 , pp. 283–288 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- Jackie M. Poole, William R. Carr, Dana M. Price: Rare Plants of Texas: A Field Guide (= WL Moody, Jr., natural history series , Volume 37). Texas University Press, College Station 2007, ISBN 978-1-5854-4557-8 .
- Ernest Small: North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2014, ISBN 978-1-4665-8592-8 , pp. 265-269.
Web links
- WP Armstrong: Devil's Claws: Hitchhikers On Big Animals . Internet article on palomar.edu . (English)
- Proboscidea at USDA datasheet. , last accessed October 8, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ^ Clarence A. Hall: Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-93326-2 , p. 30.
- ↑ a b Maarten JM Christenhusz, Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University Press, Chicago 2017, ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0 , p. 561.
- ^ A b c Delena Tull: Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest: A Practical Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin 1999 (new edition), ISBN 978-0-292-78164-1 , pp. 121 f.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Margriet Wetherwax, Lawrence R. Heckard 2012: Proboscidea - data sheet at at Jepson Flora Project (Ed.) Jepson eFlora , 2018.
- ↑ a b Joachim W. Kadereit: Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. P. 283.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae. , Pp. 12, 45, 128, 198, 206.
- ↑ Jackie M. Poole, William R. Carr, Dana M. Price: Rare Plants of Texas. P. 406 f.
- ↑ Joachim W. Kadereit: Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. P. 288.
- ↑ a b c Joachim W. Kadereit : Flowering Plants Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) (= The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants , Volume 7). Springer, Berlin / New York City 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1 , pp. 285 f.
- ^ WP Armstrong: Devil's Claws: Hitchhikers On Big Animals. Internet article on palomar.edu (English); last accessed on September 15, 2018.
- ^ Howard F. Schwartz, Marcial A. Pastor Corrales: Bean Production Problems in the Tropics. Second Edition, CIAT, Cali 1989, ISBN 978-958-9183-04-5 , pp. 365, 367.
- ^ Robert E. Foster: Cucumber mosaic virus' buffering effects - Chenopodium amaranthicolor response. In: Plant Disease Reporter. Volume 56, Agricultural Research Service, Washington DC 1972, ISSN 0032-0811 , pp. 443-445.
- ↑ Invasiveness report on Proboscidea louisianica on plants.usda.gov , section "Legal Status" (English); last accessed on September 12, 2018.
- ↑ Ece Sevgi, Çagla Kizilarslan-Hançer, Hatice Yilmaz et al .: A new alien species record for the flora of Turkey: Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell. In: Journal of Forest Science. Volume 5, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 19-25, doi: 10.31195 / ejejfs.351280 , PDF , accessed on October 4, 2018.
- ^ A b Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). Dissertation, Arizona State Univ., December 2011, pp. 128–213, PDF at ASU Digital Repository (PDF; 41.7 MB).
- ^ WT Parsons, William Thomas Parsons, EG Cuthbertson: Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood 2001, ISBN 978-0-643-06514-7 , pp. 517-519.
- ↑ Ernest Small: North American Cornucopia. P. 265.
- ^ Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). P. 129 f.
- ↑ Hans Molisch, Robert Horwath: Botanical experiments and observations with simple means: an experiment book for schools and universities. Fischer, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 978-3-4372-0204-9 , p. 155.
- ^ Ernest Small: North American Cornucopia , p. 266.
- ↑ Elaine Nowick: Historical Common Names of Great Plains Plants, with Scientific Names Index. Volume II: Scientific Names Index , Zea Books, Lincoln (Nebraska) 2015, ISBN 978-1-60962-063-9 , p. 340.
- ^ Proboscidea (genus) at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 8, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d e f Proboscidea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
- ↑ Joachim W. Kadereit: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons , p. 286.
- ^ Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). P. 128.
- ↑ Suzanne Ashworth, Kent Whealy: Seed to Seed: Seed Saving and Growing Techniques for the Vegetable Gardener. Second Edition, Seeds Savers Exchange, 2002, ISBN 1-882424-58-1 , pp. 210-211.
- ^ Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). P. 12 f.
- ^ Daniel E. Moerman: Native American medicinal plants: an ethnobotanical dictionary. Timber Press, Portland (Oregon) 2009, ISBN 978-1-60469-035-4 , pp. 384-386, 617 f.
- ^ Paul E. Minnis: Ethnobotany: A Reader. University of Oklahoma Press, Breinigsville 2000, ISBN 978-0-8061-3180-1 , p. 247 ff.
- ↑ Ernest Small: North American Cornucopia. Pp. 267-269.
- ↑ Delena Tull: Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest. Univ. of Texas Press, 1987, 2003, ISBN 0-292-78164-4 , pp. 121.
- ↑ William C. Sturtevant, Warren L. D′Azevedo: Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 11: Great Basin , Smithsonion Institute, 1986, ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3 , p. 402.