Craniolaria

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Craniolaria
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Chamois horn family (Martyniaceae)
Genre : Craniolaria
Scientific name
Craniolaria
L.

Craniolaria is a New World genus of plants from the chamois horn family( Martyniaceae ) within the order of the mint family (Lamiales). German trivial names are "skull nut" or "skull fruit".

description

Vegetative characteristics

All species grow as summer annuals . They spring turnip-like taproot or tubers . They can be quite large (up to 3 m) and branch out like bushes, but they are usually a bit smaller and up to 1 m high. The oppositely arranged, broad leaves are generally long-stalked, heart-shaped to shield-shaped, entire to five-lobed or with distant and weakly serrated edges and weakly to strongly grooved on the top. Both the stems, the petioles and the undersides of the blades are covered with countless, slightly sticky stalk glands. Stipules are missing.

Generative characteristics

The saucer-shaped and five-fold, short-stalked flowers with a long corolla tube appear in groups on short, terminal, loose racemes . The sepals are completely fused bell-shaped, about 3–5 cm long and provided with a ventral slit and three to five-toothed, pointed. The two-lipped corolla with five slightly wavy lobes is white to yellowish to greenish, it is slender-cylindrical to bell-shaped and up to 14 cm long, at the tip the corolla widens abruptly in a plate-like manner. The outer hairy corolla tube is dotted in the upper part, in part in the throat, with dark purple-brown sap marks . There are partly sloping front sheets and partly also cover sheets . The four didynamic stamens are fertile, there is a staminode, they are each attached to the inside, in the upper bell-shaped part of the corolla tube. The single-chamber ovary made of two carpels is on top and underlaid with a nectar disc . The two large ovules are T-shaped and laid out paretially . The stylus is thread-like with a bilobed scar . The more or less sticky and hairy, rather short and crooked beaked, slightly fleshy, leathery and ripe yellowish fruits with sloping pericarp , are round to pear-shaped, they are up to 4–5 cm long and about 2 cm wide, blackish and woody , sculpted "capsules" with the two short, beak-like or horn-like tips, these are significantly shorter than the capsules. It is distributed as Trampelkletten so epichor . Often four to six flattened, elongated seeds are formed per fruit. They remain in the capsules during their “transport”.

distribution

Craniolaria is native to Central and South America , it is particularly native to Puerto Rico , Cuba and the West Indies , Colombia , Argentina and Venezuela , Guyana , Bolivia , Paraguay and southern Brazil .

Systematics

The genus Craniolaria was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 2, p. 618, 1753. The generic name is borrowed from the Greek word kranion or Latin cranium and means "head" or "skull" and refers to the animal skull-shaped capsules.

The genus includes the following species:

The species are allopatric .

use

The roots of Craniolaria annua are edible, they can be boiled as vegetables or canned with sugar . A drink can also be made from the dried roots.

The roots of Craniolaria annua also be used for medical purposes, for example as a laxative , as well as against syphilis and erysipelas . The mucus-forming seeds of Craniolaria integrifolia are also used medicinally.

literature

  • Alain H. Liogier : Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. (= Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta, Vol. 4 ), La Editorial, Puerto Rico 1995, ISBN 978-0-8477-2337-9 , pp. 560 f.
  • R. Hegnauer : Chemotaxonomy of plants. Volume V: Dicotyledoneae: Magnoliaceae - Quiinaceae. (= Textbooks and monographs from the field of exact sciences, volume 20 ), Springer, Basel 1969, ISBN 978-3-0348-9382-4 , p. 48.
  • Joachim W. Kadereit , K. Kubitzki : Flowering Plants Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) (= The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants , Volume 7). Springer, Berlin / New York City 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1 .
  • Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae (Order Lamiales). Dissertation, Arizona State Univ., 2011, online (PDF; 41.7 MB), from ASU Digital Repository, accessed September 26, 2018.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ H. Marzell , W. Wissmann : Dictionary of German plant names. Part 4, S. Hirzel 1958, limited preview in the Google book search.
  2. ↑ a b c Joachim W. Kadereit, K. Kubitzki: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VII: Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. Pp. 283-287.
  3. ↑ a b c Alain H. Liogier: Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. P. 560 f.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Raul Gutierrez: A Phylogenetic Study of the Plant Family Martyniaceae. , Pp. 12, 45 f, 215 ff.
  5. ↑ James W. Byng: The Flowering Plants Handbook. Plant Gateway Ltd., 2014, ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5 , p. 488.
  6. ↑ online at biodiversitylibrary.org, accessed September 30, 2018.
  7. ↑ George Don : General System of Gardening and Botany. Vol. IV, London 1838, p. 235, online at biodiversitylibrary.org, accessed September 25, 2018.
  8. ^ A b Carl von Linné, Maarten Willem Houttuyn , Gottlieb Friedrich Christmann, Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe (eds.): The Knight Carl von Linné Royal Swedish Personal Physician [et] c. [Etc. Complete plant system: translated from the thirteenth Latin edition and according to the instructions of the Dutch Houttuyn work and prepared with a detailed explanation. Fourth part: Of the bushes. In addition to twelve copper plates, Raspe Verlag, Nuremberg 1779, pp. 48–51, limited preview in the Google book search.
  9. ↑ Colin Milne: A Botanical Dictionary. Third Edition, Symonds, 1805, limited preview in Google Book Search.
  10. ↑ Craniolaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  11. ^ R. Hoog : The Vegetable Kingdom and Its Products. Kent, London 1858, p. 528, limited preview in Google Book search.
  12. ↑ P. Hanelt u. a .: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer, 2001, ISBN 3-540-41017-1 , p. 1925.
  13. ^ Wilhelm Ludwig Petermann : The plant kingdom. Second edition, Werner, 1857, p. 506, limited preview in the Google book search.
  14. ↑ Walter B. Mors et al. a .: Medicinal plants of Brazil. Reference Publications, 2000, ISBN 0-917256-42-5 , p. 224.
  15. ↑ R. Hegnauer: Chemotaxonomy of plants.