Pinus morrisonicola
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Pinus morrisonicola |
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Pinus morrisonicola is a large, evergreen conifer from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) with usually 4 to 9 centimeters long needles that grow in groups of five. The seed cones reach a length of 6 to 11 centimeters. The natural range is on Taiwan . The species is classified as low endangered inthe IUCN Red List . Pinus morrisonicola is little known in the West, but is often used in China as an ornamental tree or for bonsai.
description
Appearance
Pinus morrisonicola grows as an evergreen tree , 30 to 35 meters high. The trunk is usually straight and columnar and reaches a chest height diameter of up to 1.5 meters. The trunk bark is gray to dark gray. The trunk bark of young trees and the upper part of the trunk is smooth. Older trees have a rough and flaky bark in the lower part of the trunk, which separates from the trunk in thin plates. The branches of young trees grow whorled , in older trees they are spread out and ascending, whereby the trunk can be forked in the upper area. The crown is conical or rounded, also flat and open in exposed locations. Needled branches are thin. Young shoots are reddish brown, lose the hair later, whereby a residual hair can remain in grooves.
Buds and needles
The vegetative buds are small, egg-shaped, pale brown and not resinous. The needles grow in groups of five in a needle sheath that falls off early in thin scales. The needles are green, thin and flexible, slightly curved and somewhat twisted, usually 4 to 9 centimeters long, triangular in cross section and 0.6 to 1 millimeter wide. The edge of the needle is very finely sawn, the end pointed. The two adaxial sides have clearly visible, white stomata bands . Two resin channels are formed. The needles stay on the tree for three to four years.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow spirally in small groups at the base of young shoots. They are ovate-oblong to cylindrical, 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters long, initially yellow and later light brown.
The seed cones grow in whorls in threes or fours on short, 0.5 to 1 centimeter long, strong, curved stems, initially erect and later hanging. They are green or glaucous , very resinous, closed ovoid-ellipsoid to narrow ovoid-ellipsoid and 6 to 11 centimeters long. With the seed scales open, they are 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter and then more ovoid. The seed scales are thinly woody and somewhat flexible, 3 to 3.5 inches long and 1.5 to 2 inches wide, oblong ovoid with a wedge-shaped base and rounded tip. The scales near the base of the cones are smaller and mostly bent back, the larger seed scales are straight. The apophysis is rhombic in outline, thickened in the middle, grooved alongside and brown, shiny when the cones are ripe. The umbo is terminal. It is blunt and slightly bent up.
The seeds are ellipsoidal-ovate or narrowly ovate, 7 to 10 millimeters long and 5 to 6 millimeters wide. The seed wing is light brown, 15 to 20 millimeters long and 5 to 8 millimeters wide.
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus morrisonicola is in Taiwan . There the species grows in the mountains on rocky ridges at heights between 300 and 2300 meters. It can also be found in disturbed forest areas without a canopy, for example after a rock fall, where it can compete with deciduous trees for some time until the canopy closes again. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 8 with mean annual minimum temperatures between −12.2 and −6.7 ° C (10 to 20 ° F ).
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus Morrisonicola classified ( "Near Threatened") at risk as low. The stocks cover approximately 800 square kilometers in more than ten different populations in an area totaling approximately 7,000 square kilometers. The conversion of the original forests into agricultural land resulted in a decline in the population, the extent of which is unknown. The populations are not highly fragmented and there are no signs of further decline in range. The main threat to the species is the conversion of forest areas in low elevations, for example for the establishment of plantations with sickle firs ( Cryptomeria japonica ). Some stocks grow in protected areas.
Systematics and research history
Pinus morrisonicola is a species from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Strobus , Section Quinquefoliae , Subsection Strobus . The species was only published in 1908 by Hayata Bunzō in The Gardeners' Chronicle , ser. 3, Volume 43, page 194 firstdescribed . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet morrisonicola means something like "grows on Mount Morrison", the highest mountain in Taiwan, which is now known as Yushan .
Pinus morrisonicola is closely related to the white pine ( Pinus parviflora ), from which it differs, however, by the longer needles and the larger seed cones. Because of the similarity, it is also just as a variety Pinus parviflora var. Morrisonicola (Hayata) CLWu the type Pinus parviflora assigned. Further synonyms are Pinus formosana Hayata , Pinus hayatana Businský and Pinus uyematsui Hayata .
use
Pinus morrisonicola is used to a small extent locally as a supplier of wood, whereby the quality of the wood corresponds to that of other East Asian Strobus species such as the white pine ( Pinus parviflora ). It is rarely found in gardens in the West, but in China it is used more often as an ornamental tree and is also planted as a bonsai .
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 716 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 460 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 24 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 716
- ↑ a b c James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 460
- ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus morrisonicola , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 24
- ↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus morrisonicola. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed on August 3, 2013 .
- ↑ Pinus morrisonicola in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: P. Thomas, D. Luscombe, 2010. Accessed August 2, 2013.
- ↑ Pinus morrisonicola in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Pinus morrisonicola. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved August 2, 2013 .
- ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 487
- ↑ Pinus morrisonicola. In: The Plant List. Retrieved August 2, 2013 .
Web links
- Pinus morrisonicola at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 3, 2013.