Carnation

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Splendid carnation
Carnation (Dianthus superbus)

Carnation ( Dianthus superbus )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)
Genre : Carnations ( Dianthus )
Type : Splendid carnation
Scientific name
Dianthus superbus
L.

The Pracht Elke ( Dianthus superbus ) is a plant from the genus of carnations ( Dianthus ) within the family of Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllaceae).

description

Illustration from Atlas of Alpine Flora .
Fruits and seeds

(For more characteristics see the subspecies below)

Vegetative characteristics

The carnation grows as a hibernating green, perennial herbaceous plant with mostly simple stems and reaches heights of 20 to 60 centimeters. The oppositely arranged leaves are linear-lanceolate with a width of 5 to 10 millimeters.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to September. The flowers are solitary or in few-flowered, loose inflorescences . The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold. Depending on the subspecies, the five lavender to light purple-colored petals are fringed up to about the middle.

ecology

The carnation is a hemicryptophyte or a marsh plant . It overwinters through long shoots close to the ground.

The slashed petals achieve a very good visual effect. Tests with bees have shown that greater division leads to more frequent visits to the flower. Presumably this also applies to butterflies. Due to the approximately 35 millimeter long corolla tube, only butterflies or diurnal swarmers such as the pigeon tail ( Macroglossum stellatarum ) come into question as pollinators. The flowers give off a faint scent of vanilla and are bearded at the bottom, which serves to protect the nectar.

There are plant specimens with only hermaphrodite and only purely female flowers.

Systematics and occurrence

Dianthus superbus was first published in 1755 by Carl von Linné in Flora Suecica , Editio Secunda Aucta et Emendata, p. 146. The specific epithet superbus means proud, splendid and refers to the splendid appearance of the flower.

The range of Dianthus superbus includes Europe and the temperate areas of Asia. In Central Europe it occurs scattered and is largely absent in Germany north of the Main line. The carnation grows in Central Europe in moor and pipe grass meadows and also colonizes moist oak forests.

The taxonomy of the subspecies needs further examination:

  • Wet meadow splendid carnation ( Dianthus superbus L. subsp. Superbus ): stems ascending, grass-green, knotty, usually five to ten flowers; The calyx is green or purple, the crown plate is about 20 millimeters long and has irregularly pinnate slits well across the middle. With a green spot on the bottom. Frequent locations are wet meadows in the lowlands . The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30. According to Oberdorfer, it occurs in Central Europe mainly in the Cirsio tuberosi-Molinietum from the Molinion association.
  • Alpine splendor carnation ( Dianthus superbus subsp. Alpestris Celak. , Syn .: Dianthus superbus subsp. Speciosus (Rchb.) Hayek ): stems steeply ascending, bluish pruning, usually one to five flowers. Cup brown-red or purple. Crown plate about 30 millimeters long and barely forked into linear sections across the middle. Mostly stippled black at the bottom. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30 or 60. Frequent locations are poor grasslands , especially Bürstling grasslands from the subalpine to alpine altitude . It occurs mainly in the Sorbo-Calamgrostietum arundinaceae from the Calamagrostion association and in plant communities of the Caricion ferrugineae association.
  • Dianthus superbus subsp. sylvestris Čelak. : It occurs in France and Germany. It thrives in Molinia-rich societies of the Carpinion or Quercion roboris associations, but also occurs in the Potentillo-Quercetum of the Potentillo-Quercion petraeae association. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20.
  • Dianthus superbus subsp. stenocalyx (Juz.) Kleopow : It occurs in the Ukraine.

Danger

In Germany the carnation is endangered (level 3), in Austria it is completely protected.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for the carnation: Feldnegelin, Hochmuth, Modtwillen, Muthwillen ( Alsace ), Rindnägele ( Augsburg ) and Wildnägele.

swell

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller, Jürke Grau: Alpine flowers. Recognize and determine (=  Steinbach's natural guide ). Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .
  • Oskar Angerer, Thomas Muer: Alpine plants (=  Ulm nature guide ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2004, ISBN 3-8001-3374-1 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  2. ↑ Dieter Heß: Alpine flowers - Recognize - Understand - Protect. , Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3243-5 .
  3. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
  4. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Pages 370–371.
  6. ↑ a b Dianthus superbus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ Karol Marhold, 2011: Caryophyllaceae : Datasheet Dianthus superbus In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 134. ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Prachtnelke ( Dianthus superbus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files