Disease prevention

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Disease prevention (in short: prevention ) tries to maintain or improve the state of health of the population, population groups or individuals. The corresponding branch of medicine is called preventive medicine . In dentistry and oncology in particular , the term prophylaxis is used synonymously with prevention (from ancient Greek προφυλάσσω prophylásso , German 'to exclude from the start' ). The national expert standards for the promotion of care quality developed by the German Network for Quality Development in Nursing also contain this term instead of prevention .

The central strategy of prevention is to suppress or completely eliminate the trigger factors of diseases. As a rule, prevention is not only understood as a task of medicine, but takes place on an interdisciplinary basis with the participation of psychology, sociology and pedagogy. Preventive measures are long-term and aim at long-term changes in attitude, experience and behavior.

Medical preventive measures are based on ethical norms as well as economically: Individual suffering should be prevented as far as possible, people's quality of life should be improved and life itself should be extended. At the same time, prevention is intended to reduce the (individual as well as society as a whole) economic burden for medical treatment that then becomes unnecessary.

Types of prevention

Prevention can be broken down in several ways:

  • Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention: WHO breakdown by time of prevention.
  • Universal, selective and indicated prevention: Recent classification by Gordon (1983) according to the target group. This distinction was introduced for the Institute of Medicine (IOM) as part of the Continuum of Care model by Mrazek and Haggerty (1994).
  • Behavioral prevention and relative prevention: breakdown according to the starting point of the intervention. There were numerous other names, some of which were accentuated slightly differently in terms of content.

However, one can also find certain overlaps between these classifications.

Demarcation

A distinction must be made between the concept of prevention and the concept of health promotion , which is much more recent ( Ottawa Charter of the WHO , 1986). While prevention is about reducing and avoiding risk factors, health promotion aims above all to increase protective factors and to strengthen healthy living conditions (including its economic, cultural, social, educational and hygienic aspects). Antonovsky's salutogenetic model assumes that there is a continuum whose poles are health and disease, the so-called G / K continuum.

  • Prevention aims to ensure that the individual's position on the continuum does not shift to the right in the direction of illness. The fundamental question is: What makes you sick? ( Pathogenesis ).
  • Health promotion is aimed at shifting the position of the individual to the left, towards health. The fundamental question is: What keeps you healthy? ( Salutogenesis )

Prevention and health promotion complement each other and have the common goal of improving and maintaining health.

Differentiation according to the point in time (Caplan)

Disease prevention usually begins before a disease occurs and is different from curation or therapy . As early as 1964, Gerald Caplan distinguished between three types of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary prevention). Marc Jamoulle added that of Quaternary prevention to this concept in 1986.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention starts before the onset of the disease and aims to prevent the disease from occurring. Primary prevention is aimed at risk groups, healthy people and people without symptoms of the disease. Examples of primary prevention are school (setting) measures for nutrition , exercise , stress management or addiction prevention . Also, vaccinations are often counted for primary prevention (also for secondary prevention). According to Caplan, primordial prevention can be distinguished from primary prevention, which begins even earlier. It is about preventing the occurrence of risk factors.

Secondary prevention

Secondary prevention starts at the early stages of a disease. It is used for the early detection of diseases and the containment of their progression ( progression ) or the chronification of the disease. The pathogenetic process has already started here, often without any noticeable symptoms of the disease. The target group are people who participate in the preventive measure as healthy or symptom-free, but who become patients through the diagnostic measure. Examples are the mass screenings in the field of breast cancer or colon cancer , but according to Hurrelmann also programs for young people who have already had contact with drugs in order to prevent addiction or addiction. Example is z. B. the BZgA campaign “Alcohol? Know your limit".

Tertiary prevention

Tertiary prevention takes place after acute treatment or the manifestation of a disease. It is intended to prevent consequential damage and relapses. It is aimed at patients with chronic disabilities and those undergoing rehabilitation . An example here is the prevention of kidney failure in insulin-dependent diabetes . The concept of tertiary prevention is largely the same as that of rehabilitation when applied to entire populations.

Quaternary prevention

The quaternary prevention is the prevention of unnecessary medicine and of excess medication to the target on the principle of " primum non nocere ". Older people in particular are affected as a result of multimedia .

Other names

The terms and names vary. For example, Korte also spoke of prevention, intervention, and post-intervention.

Overview

In a tabular overview with the dimensions "personal" (patient, client, person seeking advice) and "professional" (doctor, therapist, consultant), the four areas of prevention can be presented as follows:

Types of prevention Technical side
illness
unavailable available
Personal
page 		Health
disorder 		not
available 		Primary prevention
(health
disorder does not exist, illness does not exist) 		Secondary prevention
(health
disorder not present disease present)
available Quaternary prevention
(health
disorderpresentdisease absent) 		Tertiary prevention
(health
disorder present disease present)

Differentiation according to the starting points of the intervention (Ernst von Kardorff, 1995)

In disease prevention there are both universal strategies that try to minimize risks across the board (vaccinations), as well as target group-specific approaches (with mostly risk-related target group selection). Another distinction is made in the approach of preventive measures. Kardorff (1995) differentiates between behavior and relationship prevention. There are different approaches to achieving change:

The behavioral prevention (also called personal prevention) influences the individual's health behavior or for each individual patient. Through education or information, strengthening of personality, or even sanctions, the individual should be motivated to avoid risks.

  • Example: The cigarette packet says: "Smoking is a health risk".

The environmental prevention (also called structural prevention), however, has an impact on health or disease, by seeking changes in the living conditions of people (work, family, leisure or environmental conditions) to make low-risk as possible to this.

  • Example: Smoking in restaurants is prohibited.

Methods of prevention

Non-smoking protection: Enclosed smoking room at a Japanese train station - air extraction on the roof.

Essentially, all prevention methods can be traced back to the following methods:

  • Strengthening people's motivation and health literacy with the aim of reducing harmful behavior and strengthening behavior that is beneficial to health.
  • Measures by the legislature to enforce preventive behavior with the help of laws and regulations, as well as corresponding sanctions.
  • Economic incentive and punishment systems with which the behavior of the individual and the circumstances are to be influenced preventively.

Organizations in Germany

(Selection)

education and study

Disease prevention is a branch of medicine (preventive medicine), but also affects social and legal framework conditions. Since 2016, the Zurich University of Applied Sciences has offered a bachelor's degree in health promotion and prevention. The interdisciplinary training deals with the question of how the health of the population can be maintained with preventive and health-promoting measures.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hurrelmann, p. 11
  2. ↑ a b c Youth Welfare and Schools: Handbook for Successful Cooperation . Springer-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-91396-4 , pp. 230 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ Stress ?: Causes, explanatory models and preventive approaches . Springer-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-32662-5 , pp. 118 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  4. ^ Psychiatry and psychotherapy of childhood and adolescence . Springer-Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-19846-5 , pp. 139 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ↑ Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy for Bachelor: Volume II: Therapy Methods Reading, Listening, Learning on the Web . Springer-Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-25523-6 , pp. 143 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  6. ↑ a b Youth Welfare and School: Handbook for a successful cooperation . Springer-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-91396-4 , pp. 232 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ↑ Compendium of German alcohol policy: We need effective social prevention to protect our children and young people . disserta Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-95425-988-5 , p. 39 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Hurrelmann, p. 32.
  9. ↑ alcohol? Know your limit . ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kenn-dein-limit.info
  10. ↑ T Kühlein, D Sghedoni, G Visentin, J Gervàs, M. Jamoule: quaternary prevention, a task for general practitioners . (PDF; 216 kB) In: PrimaryCare , 2010, 10 (18), pp. 350–354.
  11. ↑ Hurrelmann, pp. 37 and 38.
  12. ↑ [1]
  13. ↑ National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds
  14. ↑ Bachelor in Health Promotion and Prevention. Retrieved on May 24, 2019 (Swiss Standard German).