Federazija (spaceship)
Federazija (after Russian Федерация "Federation") or Orel (Russian Орел , " eagle "), previously "Prospective Piloted Transport System" (short PTK NP by Russian пилотируемый транспортный корабль нового поколения ), before "Perspective Manned Transportation System" (short PPTS , in Russian Перспективная пилотируемая транспортная система ) is a manned Russian spaceship under development . It is intended for flights in low earth orbits - including feeder flights to the ISS - and to the moon.
history
From 2004, a successor to the Soyuz spacecraft was developed in Russia under the name Kliper . After conflicts within the Russian space companies and agencies, the project was officially discontinued in July 2007. The development of an improved passenger transport system had already started beforehand. A CSTS system to be developed in cooperation with ESA was also under discussion at times . After the end of this project in 2009 as a result of differences between ESA and Roskosmos , the Russian side independently developed a new manned spacecraft under the name Perspektiwnaja Pilotirujemaja Transportnaja Sistema (PPTS), later PTK NP (Pilotirujemui Transportnui Korabl Novowo Pokolenija = manned transport ship of the new generation ) further.
The two companies RKK Energija and GKNPZ Khrunichev participated in the tender for the development of the spacecraft at the beginning of 2009 . On April 6, 2009, Energija was declared the winner. After some changes on the part of Roscosmos, a final draft was presented in August 2013.
The first unmanned test flights of the spacecraft were initially planned for 2016, the first manned launch for 2018. Since then there have been some shifts in the schedule. Most recently, a first unmanned test flight was announced in 2023 and a first manned mission in 2025 .
technology
The usually four-seat spacecraft consists of a crew cabin with cargo hold and compartment for the brake units and their tanks, a detachable heat shield and a supply part with main drive, energy supply via solar cells and batteries as well as communication facilities. The spaceship has a length of 6.10 m (earth orbit variant), of which about 3.50 m is accounted for by the crew cabin, which is also the return part. The return capsule should first be braked aerodynamically and later by parachutes. Finally, at a height of 10 meters, brake engines should allow a gentle landing on 4 fold-out legs.
Two versions are planned, one for low earth orbits with a mass of around 14.4 tons and one for flights to the moon or to Lagrangian points with a total mass of 20 tons. The crew cabin is the same in both versions and offers 17 cubic meters of living space for the space travelers , including a hygiene compartment. The supply part, however, differs in both variants, is longer in the moon variant and contains more fuel. The heat shield also differs due to the different entry speeds.
The crew capsule has the shape of a truncated cone with a base diameter of 4.50 m, is to be used about 5 times and has a modular structure. Each of the three parts can be individually serviced and prepared for the next mission. The supply part is cylindrical with a diameter of 3.50 m, has two rotating solar cell arms and is separated before re-entry, i.e. it burns up in the atmosphere. In addition to the 4 space travelers, there is space for 500 kg of cargo for flights in earth orbit and 100 kg for lunar missions. The individual variants should enable a mission duration of 180 (moon) to 365 days (earth orbit).
Initially, the Zenit was intended as launch vehicle for three test flights and the Angara 5P for flights in Earth orbit. The Soyuz 5 and Angara A5 were later mentioned as possible carrier systems. For moon flights there are at least three different concepts for heavy load carriers from 75 to around 190 tons from the manufacturers Energija (Sodrutschestwo), Khrunitschew (Amur 5 or Jenissei 5) and Progress (STK).
Web links
- Russia announces new manned spaceflight plans (AstroNews, Aug. 26, 2009)
- Image of the PPTS versions
- Exterior and interior views of the PTK-NP model from 2013
Individual evidence
- ↑ New Russian manned spacecraft to be called Federation. TASS, January 15, 2016, accessed April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ Dirk Lorenzen : A new era is about to begin. Deutschlandfunk , April 26, 2016, accessed on April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ a b c Проект нового космического корабля "Федерация" получит название "Орел" . TASS, September 6, 2019.
- ↑ "Роскосмос" решил изменить название нового космического корабля . Pravda , September 6, 2019.
- ↑ TASS: Russia to use Federatsiya spacecraft for deep space flights, says Roscosmos chief. February 22, 2019, accessed March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Future spaceships. RuSpace, accessed October 23, 2011 .
- ↑ a b FliegerRevue June 2010, pp. 54–59, Russia's new spaceship.
- ↑ На смену "Союзам". Energija, August 29, 2013, accessed September 1, 2013 .
- ^ Draft for a new Russian spaceship is available. Raumfahrer.net, September 1, 2013, accessed September 1, 2013 .