Dream chaser
| Dream Chaser as a freighter | |
|---|---|
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|
|
| Manufacturer | Sierra Nevada Corporation |
| length | approx. 9 m (without freight module) |
| span | approx. 7 m (without solar cells) |
| Dimensions | approx. 18 t (including freight module) |
| Max. payload | approx. 5.5 t |
| crew | unmanned |
| Launcher | for example Vulcan , Atlas V or Ariane 6 |
The Dream Chaser (German: Traumjäger ) is an American space glider . It is being developed by the Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) for use as a passenger ferry or freighter. The development for manned use was by the 2010-2014 CCDev program of NASA funded, but Sierra Nevada was the first contract for shuttle flights to the International Space Station (ISS) - scheduled flights were at that time until about the mid-2020s - from empty . The cargo variant of the spacecraft is to be used regularly for supply flights to the space station from autumn 2021 as part of the CRS program. It has the life support systems of the passenger ferry and could also be configured as an emergency rescue ship for ISS space travelers.
specification
Originally, the manned Dream Chaser was supposed to start uncovered on the tip of the rocket without a cargo module, which, in addition to saving weight, simplifies evacuation and demolition scenarios, but requires an aerodynamic design adapted to the carrier. In this variant, it should be able to transport six to eight people or cargo. However, in this configuration it was not considered by NASA in the final tendering rounds of the COTS and CCDev programs. The subsequently revised concept showed the space transporter completely enclosed by a payload fairing with an unchanged outer contour, but - for reasons of weight and simplicity - without a window.
Space glider
The unmanned cargo version was presented in March 2015. A little later, she received orders for flights to the ISS in NASA's CRS-2 program. In addition to the reusable space glider, an additional non-reusable cargo module was planned, which is coupled to the rear of the space glider. In the variant presented, up to 5500 kg should be able to be transported to the space station, part of it as an external payload on the outside of the freight module. The return cargo capacity for landing is 1750 to 1850 kg, depending on the source.
Access to the space glider is via a hatch in the stern, to which the cargo module is also attached as a through module. The Dream Chaser therefore couples "backwards" to the space station. While the manned version provided for independent docking, in 2016 it was suggested that the cargo version could be coupled using the Canadarm2 robot arm and that its own docking capability could be retrofitted later.
Since the cargo concept unveiled in March 2015, the stub wings have been designed to be foldable in order to fit into the existing payload fairings of the launch vehicles.
The "nose wheel" retractable landing gear consists of the two main landing gear legs with single tires and an extendable runner as the nose landing gear. The SpaceShipOne (2003-2004) used the same configuration . A piece of heat protection shield is used as the sliding surface of the runner and is replaced after each flight. To land, the space glider should approach a runway and land there like an airplane. This and the use of non-toxic fuels are intended to ensure immediate access to the cargo and, if necessary, access to the passengers after landing, which is necessary for other landing procedures from i. d. Usually remote landing areas have to be recovered. In addition, normal airport infrastructure can be used without special equipment. Landings near customers who, for example, oversee sensitive or time-critical experiments, are also conceivable.
The spaceship should be able to remain docked on the ISS for up to 75 days. As of the beginning of 2020, the reuse quota for the glider is at least 15 deployments for the cargo version and at least 25 deployments for a manned version.
Freight module
The non-reusable cargo module goes back to a requirement of NASA in the tender, according to which "garbage disposal" was required as a capability of the transport spaceships. The name of the module is Shooting Star (German: Sternschnuppe ). SNC announced this on November 19, 2019 during the presentation of a dummy at the Kennedy Space Center. Upon his re-entry, the module will be perceptible as such.
The cargo module contains the drive system for orbital maneuvers and carries solar cells that supply the team with electrical energy during free flight. The length of the cone-shaped module is approximately 4.6 m (15 ft). It can hold approximately 4,500 kg (10,000 lbs) of cargo in addition to that in the spacecraft. Around 1500 kg (3300 lb) of the cargo capacity can also be carried on the outside of the module without pressure. Other sources give 500 kg.
Carrier systems
The Dream Chaser is supposed to launch vertically on the tip of a rocket. The Vulcan rocket of the United Launch Alliance (ULA) is planned as a launch vehicle for flights to the ISS . Aerodynamic investigations of the predecessor rocket Atlas V with the undisguised (manned) Dream Chaser took place until 2014 to reach the eighth CCiCap milestone within NASA's CCDev program. In July 2017, SNC agreed with ULA the first two take-offs under the 5 m diameter payload fairing of an Atlas V 552, beginning in 2020. In August 2019, a change to the Vulcan was announced. The first start date had meanwhile been postponed to 2021.
Basically, the spaceship is developed independently of the carrier system. The option of using other missiles has therefore been expressly open since development began. This comes into play within the cooperation with ESA, in which the use for Ariane 5 and in the future for Ariane 6 is also being investigated.
Development history
NASA project HL-20
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The design of the Dream Chaser is based on the ten-seat HL-20 space transport system designed as a lifting body , which was planned as a supply vehicle for the planned US space station Freedom at the end of the 1980s . The external shape of the HL-20 in turn goes back to the Soviet design of the BOR-4 from the early 1980s and earlier US test vehicles.
On September 20, 2004, SpaceDev , the original developer of the Dream Chaser, announced the collaboration with NASA in the context of the Vision for Space Exploration plans. At that time the name was already fixed, but the basic configuration was only available as a concept, especially since SpaceDev was also working on a suborbital aircraft under the same name. In 2005 it was announced that they wanted to use HL-20 as a basis. A lot of development work and budget had gone into HL-20 for many years. Foldable wings to fit into the space shuttle payload bay are also mentioned there. In 2006 SpaceDev acquired the license rights to the HL-20 from NASA, and the 1: 1 model was still available. SpaceDev had previously won an order worth 2.7 million euros from the US Air Force Research Laboratory ( AFRL ). US dollars. The aim was to develop a hybrid rocket engine that was also intended for the Dream Chaser.
COTS program
NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program was announced in early 2006 and was designed to promote the development of private transportation capacities for cargo in low earth orbit to the ISS so that the ISS would be supplied by private companies. The operation of the ISS was contractually agreed up to and including 2020 and should be extended until 2024. SpaceDev applied unsuccessfully for funding from COTS, whose second and final round of tenders ended in February 2008 with the award of the contract to SpaceX with the spacecraft Dragon and Orbital Sciences with Cygnus .
SpaceDev sale to SNC
In October 2008, shortly after the death of founder Jim Benson , SpaceDev was acquired and incorporated by the Sierra Nevada Cooperation (SNC).
CCDev program
The Sierra Nevada Corporation obtained funding for the development of the Dream Chaser through NASA's Commercial Crew Development Program (CCDev), which was intended to promote the development of safe passenger transport to the ISS in addition to the development of cargo capacities by COTS. In 2010, in the first round of awards (CCDev1), 20 million of the total of 50 million US dollars were made available for the development of the Dream Chaser as a manned transporter for up to eight people and freight.
The first engine tests were successfully completed. On December 17, 2010 a further step in the development was successfully carried out with the dropping of a 1: 7 model of the Dream Chaser and the subsequent landing after a gliding phase. In early 2011, Sierra Nevada unveiled a first full-size raw Dream Chaser hull made from carbon fiber reinforced plastic .
In the second round (CCDev2), USD 270 million were awarded in 2011. Of this, $ 80 million went to SNC. This amount was later increased by another $ 25.6 million. Orbital Sciences had applied for the Prometheus concept, also with a spaceship based on the HL-20, but could not stand against the SNC design.
The third round of the CCDev program was called Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap). The beneficiaries - SNC, Boeing and SpaceX - were announced on August 3, 2012. SNC received $ 212.5 million. Sierra Nevada announced in 2013 that Lockheed Martin's Dream Chaser hulls would be manufactured at the Michoud Assembly Facility , the manufacturing facility for the Saturn V first stage and space shuttle outer tanks .
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In May and August 2013, roll tests with a 1: 1 prototype were carried out at the Dryden Flight Research Center (from 2014 Armstrong Flight Research Center / USA). On October 26, 2013, the first free flight took place in a drop test from a helicopter. On landing, the unmanned Dream Chaser slid along the runway and was damaged because the left landing gear did not extend. The landing gear of a Northrop F-5E Tiger fighter jet was used in the prototype .
After further program steps, NASA announced on September 14, 2014 that only Boeing with CST-100 Starliner and SpaceX with Dragon V2 had received contracts for manned flights to the ISS. On September 26, 2014, SNC then appealed against the award of the contract because the Dream Chaser offer had not been taken into account, even though it was priced below Boeing's. However, the appeal was rejected.
Sierra Nevada confirmed in 2019 that the manned Dream Chaser is still in active development even after the CCDev funding expired. They continue to take part in the commercial crew program, coordinate the development of the passenger ferry with NASA and expect orders for crew transport in the future.
Unmanned development for the CRS program
In November 2015, SNC announced that at the beginning of 2016 another test flight within the atmosphere with the ETA (Engineering Test Article) and the prototype called Eagle should take place. At the same time, the manufacture of a spacecraft for the orbital tests (Orbital Vehicle) has already begun.
NASA's tenders for the second round of the Commercial Resupply Services program (CRS2), the private freight transport to the ISS, have been running since spring 2014 . SNC applied with an unmanned cargo version, the Dream Chaser Cargo System , which had been supplemented by an additional non-reusable cargo module including deployable solar modules at the rear. The folding wings for take-off under a payload fairing were also presented with this concept in March 2015.
On January 14, 2016, NASA announced that it had hired SNC as the third company after SpaceX and Orbital ATK to carry out cargo flights to the ISS. According to the schedule at the time, at least six supply flights to the ISS should take place with the Dream Chaser between 2019 and 2024. Up to 5.5 t of freight should be able to be transported to the station per flight.
After a few delays, the Dream Chaser was delivered again to Edwards Air Force Base in the now renamed Armstrong Flight Research Center on January 26, 2017, to complete various tests there. On August 30, 2017, a flight test took place with the Dream Chaser hanging under a Columbia Helicopters-234-UT Chinnok helicopter. On November 11, 2017, a drop test followed with a successful landing.
After the design had been validated by NASA, at the end of 2018, SNC received clearance to build the first space glider for cargo flights to the ISS. The date for the first of the six commissioned missions was postponed to 2021. It should start with a Vulcan rocket , if it is completed on time, otherwise with an Atlas V.
Further fields of application
In addition to the main development branch as a space transporter for NASA to the ISS space station, other possible uses are also sought. These include B. Flights without visiting a space station and landing at airports outside the US. During the time of manned development, repairs to satellites, maintenance of the Hubble telescope or the control of the inflatable Bigelow space station projected at the time were also under discussion. In 2014, a study was carried out together with Stratolaunch , which contained a Dream Chaser reduced to around 75%, which was adapted to the Stratolauch system that was being planned at the time.
Cooperation with ESA, DLR and OHB
In December 2013, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) initiated the DC4EU project ( Dream Chaser for European Utilization ) to investigate whether and how Europe could use the Dream Chaser technology. In January 2014 the European Space Agency (ESA) joined the DC4EU project. At that time, certification for manned flights was expected in 2017. The ESA wanted to create a “Europeanized” Dream Chaser u. a. Check the start options with Ariane 5 . In order to accommodate it within the payload fairing of the rocket, at least the wing lengths of the Dream Chaser would have to be reduced somewhat, while the launch on an Atlas V was still planned to be uncovered. In 2015, the unmanned cargo concept showed wings that could be folded onto the fuselage. An original development goal of the Ariane 5 at the time was the transport of the non-relocated European manned space glider Hermes . It was also explored whether the Dream Chaser could land on German runways, for example at Rostock-Laage Airport.
In February 2015, the completion of the DC4EU study, in which the German space company OHB also participated, was announced. On April 16, 2015, the original agreement from 2013 between DLR and SNC was extended for a further two years until 2017.
At the beginning of 2016 it was announced that ESA would complete the construction of a new docking adapter , the International Berthing and Docking Mechanism (IBDM), and make the first adapter available to SNC. The costs for this were put at € 33 million. The production is carried out by Qinetiq
On September 28, 2017, the cooperation between SNC and DLR was renewed through a letter of intent. On December 5, 2018, OHB announced that it would prepare a one-year feasibility study for ESA with an order volume of € 350,000 on the European use (including Ariane 6) of the Dream Chaser after the end of the ISS
Cooperation with the UNOOSA of the United Nations
The United Nations Office for Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and SNC are planning a joint space mission with the Dream Chaser in the unmanned version as part of the Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI) and signed an agreement in principle on this in 2016. The project is also intended to enable countries without their own space capabilities to access space and conduct research in orbit. A first round for interested parties took place until November 2017. At a technical briefing in Vienna in January 2018, the start date was calculated for 2022 . The duration of the mission was set at around two weeks.
At the end of 2019, SNC Vice Director Steve Lindsey stated in an interview that around 150 experiments were proposed by around 65-70 nations and that a time frame of 2023/2024 is the target.
Scheduled missions
Status: 1st May 2020
| No. | Mission and aircraft | Start time |
Flight duration |
Launcher | Launch site | Landing site |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | SNC-1 with Tenacity | Autumn 2021 | Vulcan | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility | |
| SNC-2 | ? | Vulcan | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility | ||
| UNOOSA Orbital Space Mission | 2022 | ? | ? | ? | ||
| SNC-3 | ? | ? | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility | ||
| SNC-4 | ? | ? | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility | ||
| SNC-5 | ? | ? | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility | ||
| SNC-6 | ? | ? | CCAFS SLC-41 | KSC Shuttle Landing Facility |
Dream Chaser in the movie
As a futuristic spaceship concept, the Dream Chaser was also a guest in feature films:
- 2015: The Martian - Save Mark Watney in scenes from the extended edition
- 2017: So Close to the Stars (Original: The Space Between Us)
Comparison with other supply spaceships
| Spaceship | progress | Space Shuttle with MPLM | ATV |
HTV HTV-X |
Dragon 1 Dragon 2 |
Cygnus | Tianzhou | Dream chaser |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Starting capacity | 2.2-2.4 t | 9 t | 7.7 t | 6.0 t 5.8 t |
6.0 t | 2.0 t (2013) 3.5 t (2015) 3.75 t (2019) |
6.5 t | 5.5 t |
| Landing capacity | 150 kg (with VBK-Raduga ) | 9 t | - | 20 kg (from HTV-7) | 3.0 t | - | - | 1.75 t |
|
Special skills |
Reboost, fuel transfer |
Transport of ISPR, transport of external loads, station construction, reboost |
Reboost, fuel transfer |
Transportation of ISPR , transportation of external loads |
Transportation of ISPR, transportation of external loads |
Transport of ISPR | Fuel transfer | |
| carrier | Soyuz | STS | Ariane 5 |
H-2B H3 |
Falcon 9 | Antares / Atlas 5 | Long March 7 | Vulcan |
|
Start-up costs (rough information) |
$ 65 million | $ 450 million | $ 600 million | HTV: $ 300-320 million | $ 150/230 million
(Dragon 1/2) |
$ 260/220 million (Cygnus 2/3) | ||
| Manufacturer | RKK Energija | Alenia Spazio (MPLM) | Airbus Defense and Space | Mitsubishi Electric | SpaceX | Orbital Sciences | CAST | Sierra Nevada |
| Period of use | since 1978 | 2001-2011 | 2008-2015 | 2009–2020 from 2022 |
2012–2020 from 2020 |
since 2014 | since 2017 | from 2021 |
italic = planned
literature
- Jim Hodges: The Dream Chaser: Back to the Future . In: ASK magazine . Issue 44, November 2, 2011, p. 24–28 (English, nasa.gov [PDF; accessed January 1, 2019]).
- Rebecca Reagan: Dream Chaser tests ongoing at two centers . In: Spaceport News . Vol 53, No. 10, May 17, 2013, p. 3 (English, nasa.gov [PDF; accessed January 1, 2019]).
Web links
- Article about Dream Chaser on NASA's website (English)
- Article about Dream Chaser development , July / August 2018
- Article at raumfahrt24.de
- Article at Spiegel Online about foldable wings, the possible take-off on an Ariane and a possible landing in Rostock
- Deutschlandfunk report "Space glider Dream Chaser - Europe is chasing the dream of space" from November 17, 2016
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Sierra Nevada firms up Atlas V Missions for Dream Chaser Spacecraft, gears up for Flight Testing. spaceflight101.com, April 19, 2017, accessed December 30, 2018 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser® Spacecraft Passes Another NASA Milestone. Sierra Nevada Corporation, March 21, 2019, accessed March 22, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Final first-generation cargo Dragon spacecraft returns to Earth . Spacenews, April 7, 2020.
- ↑ a b SNC Selects ULA for Dream Chaser® Spacecraft Launches . Youtube video of the United Launch Alliance, August 19, 2018, minutes 3: 00–4: 40 pm.
- ↑ a b c Orbital, Sierra Nevada, SpaceX win NASA commercial cargo contracts. SpaceNews, January 14, 2016, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ↑ NASA Approves Space Plane For Future Missions To The ISS. Forbes, December 18, 2018, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c Chris Gebhardt: Sierra Nevada names Dream Chaser cargo module, updates CRS2 progress. NASASpaceflight.com, November 19, 2019, accessed February 9, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Ken Kremer: Sierra Nevada Unveils 'Shooting Star' Cargo Module for Dream Chaser Missions to ISS for NASA. Space UpClose, November 30, 2019, accessed February 9, 2020 .
- ↑ About Dream Chaser. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). SNC, accessed on February 14, 2020 (English): "Our cargo version of the Dream Chaser spacecraft is designed to be reused 15 or more times, which is more than any other current space vehicle, making the Dream Chaser affordable and responsive. The crew version is designed for a minimum of 25 missions. "
- ↑ a b c Emre Kelly: Dream Chaser mini-shuttle's re-entry will be visible as a 'Shooting Star'. Florida Today, November 19, 2019, accessed February 9, 2020 .
- ↑ James Cawley: Kennedy Space Center Welcomes 'Shooting Star' Cargo Module. NASA-Kennedy Space Center, November 19, 2019, accessed February 11, 2020 .
- ↑ Chris Bergin: Dream Chaser passes Wind Tunnel tests for CCiCap Milestone. NASASpaceFlight.com, May 19, 2014, accessed December 31, 2018 .
- ↑ ULA signs contract with Sierra Nevada Corporation to launch Dream Chaser to ISS. flyorbitnews.com, April 19, 2017, accessed December 30, 2018 .
- ↑ SNC Selects ULA for Dream Chaser® Spacecraft Launches. NASA Missions to Begin in 2021. United Launch Alliance , August 14, 2019, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser also for Europe in orbit. FliegerRevue, October 12, 2016, accessed December 31, 2018 .
- ↑ Deutschlandfunk: Europe is chasing the dream of space
- ^ Jim Hodges: The Dream Chaser: Back to the Future. NASA, accessed May 29, 2016 .
- ↑ 50 years to orbit: Dream Chaser's crazy Cold War backstory. Ars Technica, September 7, 2012, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ↑ https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2004/04_89AR.html accessed on December 24, 2018
- ^ SpaceDev to Build Piloted Spaceship. Space.com, September 4, 2004, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ^ Craig Covault: Show Time, Commercial space lifting off, thanks to more business-like approaches . In: Aviation Week & Space Technology . Volume 161, Number 12, September 27, 2004, pp. 26–27 (English, behind the registration barrier: http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/20040927/#!&pid=26 [accessed December 29, 2018]).
- ^ A b Private Spacecraft Developer Settles on New Design. Space.com, November 23, 2005, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ^ HL-20 Model for Personnel Launch System Research: A Lifting-Body Concept. NASA, June 22, 2011, accessed December 28, 2018 .
- ↑ 50 years to orbit: Dream Chaser's crazy Cold War backstory. Ars Technica, September 7, 2012, accessed December 25, 2018 (English): "In 2006, SpaceDev went on to execute a licensing agreement with NASA to use the HL-20's design for its new Dream Chaser suborbital spacecraft."
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/2006-L-00390 , accessed on January 5, 2018
- ↑ Spacedev to challenge SpaceX after USAF deal. FlightGlobal.com, November 29, 2005, accessed December 30, 2018 .
- ↑ Obama Administration Extends International Space Station until at Least 2024. White House Web site, Jan. 8, 2014, accessed May 19, 2014 .
- ^ SpaceDev Signs Agreement to Be Acquired by Sierra Nevada Corporation. October 21, 2008, accessed January 5, 2019 .
- ↑ Katherine Bourzac: A Private Space Shuttle Replacement. In: Technology Review. MIT , January 18, 2011, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ^ Doug Messier: Garver Views Commercial Space Hardware at Bigelow, Sierra Nevada Facilities. In: parabolicarc.com. February 5, 2011, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Kenneth Chang: Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA. In: New York Times. January 31, 2011, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ^ Jeff Foust: Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort. In: NewSpace Journal. April 22, 2011, accessed on August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Chris Bergin: Dream Chaser to breathe new life into Michoud. In: nasaspaceflight.com. January 31, 2013, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Michael Clormann: Dream Chaser reaches another milestone. In: Raumfahrer.net. August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Günther Glatzel: Dream Chaser model damaged in test - update. In: Raumfahrer.net. October 28, 2013, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ^ Günther Glatzel: Dream Chaser test details. In: Raumfahrer.net. October 30, 2013, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Dream Chaser damaged by crash landing in California. In: spaceflightnow.com. October 26, 2013, accessed on August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Laura Keeney: Sierra Nevada protests to GAO over loss of NASA space-taxi contract. In: Denver Post. September 26, 2014, accessed on August 14, 2019 (updated April 27, 2016).
- ↑ Martin Knipfer: Commercial Crew: Development continues! In: Raumfahrer.net. October 29, 2014, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Chris Bergin: Dream Chaser progress ahead of CRS2 as SNC keeps crew version alive. In: Nasaspaceflight.com. April 25, 2019, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser preparing for second free-flight test and first orbital test. spaceflightnow.com, October 16, 2015, accessed October 19, 2015 .
- ^ A b Sierra Nevada Corporation Unveils New Dream Chaser® Cargo System. Press release. Sierra Nevada Corporation, March 17, 2015, accessed December 27, 2018 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: NASA splits space station cargo deal three ways. Spaceflight Now, January 14, 2015, accessed December 25, 2018 .
- ↑ NASA splits space station cargo deal three ways. spaceflightnow.com, January 14, 2016, accessed January 15, 2016 .
- ^ Orbital, Sierra Nevada, SpaceX Win NASA Commercial Cargo Contracts. spacenews.com, January 14, 2016, accessed January 15, 2016 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser Spacecraft Arrives at NASA Armstrong NASA press release January 27, 2017 ; accessed on January 28, 2017
- ↑ nasaspaceflight.com: Sierra Nevada prepares for spring landing test of Dream Chaser published January 31, 2017, accessed online February 6, 2017
- ↑ SNC press release of August 30, 2017; online at https://www.sncorp.com/press-releases/snc-dc-captive-carry-test-success accessed on September 5, 2017
- ↑ SNC press release of November 13, 2017; online: https://www.sncorp.com/press-releases/snc-dream-chaser-free-flight-test-2017/
- ↑ Dream Chaser cleared to begin full-scale production. In: SpaceNews. December 18, 2018, accessed December 19, 2018 .
- ↑ Chris Bergin: Cargo Dream Chaser solidifies ULA deal by securing six Vulcan Centaur flights. August 14, 2019, accessed August 14, 2019 .
- ↑ SNC Selects ULA for Dream Chaser® Spacecraft Launches . Youtube video, minutes 09: 45–10: 00 and 10: 45–11: 20.
- ↑ https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/telescopes/a25211/mission-to-service-hubble-space-telescope/ accessed on December 26, 2018
- ↑ Chris Bergin and Braddock Gaskill: SpaceDev announce Dream Chaser agreement with ULA Atlas V. NASASpaceFlight.com, April 10, 2007, accessed December 31, 2018 .
- ↑ Chris Gebhardt: SNC, Stratolaunch expand on proposed Dream Chaser flights. nasaspaceflight.com, November 26, 2014, accessed January 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Doug Messier: German Space Agency Funds Study on Uses of Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser . In: Parabolic Arc , December 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014.
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Europe eyes cooperation on Dream Chaser space plane . In: Spaceflight Now , January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ↑ Spaceships are supposed to land in Germany. January 29, 2015, accessed January 5, 2019 .
- ↑ Sierra Nevada Corporation Successfully Completes Dream Chaser® Study with German Aerospace Industry Partners. Press release. Sierra Nevada Corporation, February 3, 2015, accessed December 27, 2018 .
- ↑ DLR Renews Cooperation with SNC on Dream Chaser. SpaceNews, April 16, 2015, accessed December 27, 2018 .
- ^ Sierra Nevada Corporation and the German Aerospace Center Announce New Dream Chaser® Program Cooperation. Press release. Sierra Nevada Corporation, April 16, 2015, accessed December 27, 2018 .
- ↑ SNC and DLR announce collaboration on the Dream Chaser project. Press release. DLR, April 17, 2015, accessed on December 27, 2018 .
- ↑ Europe to invest in Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser cargo vehicle. SpaceNews.com, January 22, 2016, accessed December 27, 2018 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser to use Europe's next-generation docking system. April 10, 2017, accessed on January 3, 2019 .
- ↑ IAC 2017: DLR agrees to cooperate with international partners. Press release. DLR, September 29, 2017, accessed on December 27, 2018 : “With a letter of intent, which was signed on September 28, 2017, DLR and the Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) continued a cooperation from 2013 that uses of the "Dream Chaser". In addition, the joint technical and scientific activities are to be expanded to include low Earth orbit. As part of the cooperation, concepts are to be drawn up, studies carried out and suitable technologies for future infrastructures in the period after the International Space Station ISS identified. [...] "
- ↑ OHB receives ESA award for Dream Chaser® study. Press release. OHB, December 5, 2018, accessed January 5, 2019 .
- ^ United Nations and Sierra Nevada Corporation Sign Agreement to Collaborate on a Dedicated Dream Chaser® Space Mission for Member States. In: UNIS / OS / 469. June 28, 2016, accessed December 16, 2018 .
- ↑ United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and Sierra Nevada Corporation issue Call for Interest for Dream Chaser® mission dedicated to the Sustainable Development Goals. In: UNIS / OS / 485. September 26, 2017, accessed December 16, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Presentation "Path Forward" - The UN / Dream Chaser Mission Current Timeline. (PDF) Retrieved December 16, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Orbital Space Mission. UNOOSA, accessed December 16, 2018 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser Cargo - Gunter's Space Page. space.skyrocket, July 19, 2017, accessed July 23, 2017 .
- ↑ Dream Chaser Status. (PDF) Sierra Nevada Corporation, 2017, accessed March 22, 2019 .
- ↑ SNC's “Dream Chaser Tenacity”: First Orbital Vehicle of Dream Chaser® Spaceplane Fleet Reflects National Mood . Sierra Nevada, May 1, 2020.
- ↑ Twitter message from the Sierra Nevada Corporation on August 14, 2019: "The planned landing runway for all the Dream Chaser CRS2 landings is Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Landing Facility in Florida."
- ↑ a b Press release of the Sierre Nevada Corp. from February 3, 2017; Online version ( Memento from February 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on 5 ,. February 2017
- ↑ HTV-X on Gunter's Space Page, accessed on September 24, 2019.
- ↑ a b Dragon. SpaceX. In: spacex.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016 ; accessed on September 22, 2019 (English).
- ↑ a b Dragon. SpaceX. In: spacex.com. Retrieved September 22, 2019 .
- ^ Commercial Resupply Services. In: orbitalatk.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Eric Berger: NASA to pay more for less cargo delivery to the space station. April 27, 2018, accessed September 22, 2019 .
- ^ Antares launches Cygnus cargo spacecraft on first CRS-2 mission . Spacenews, November 2, 2019.
- ^ A b Sierra Nevada firms up Atlas V Missions for Dream Chaser Spacecraft, gears up for Flight Testing. In: Spaceflight 101 July 9, 2017, accessed September 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Bernd Leitenberger: Progress. In: bernd-leitenberger.de. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ How much does it cost to launch a Space Shuttle? NASA, March 23, 2019, accessed March 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Fourth ATV attached to Ariane 5 launcher. In: spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Space station partners assess logistics needs beyond 2015. In: spaceflightnow.com. December 1, 2009, accessed March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Robert Wyre: JAXA Wants ¥¥¥¥¥ for 2020 Rocket. In: majiroxnews.com. January 19, 2011, archived from the original on March 2, 2016 ; accessed on March 24, 2018 (English).
- ↑ a b SpaceX price hikes will make ISS cargo missions more costly . Engadget, April 27, 2018.
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Japan's HTV ready for launch with last set of new space station solar batteries . Spaceflight Now, May 19, 2020.