progress
Progress ( Russian Прогресс for progress) is a Russian unmanned and non-reusable space transporter derived from Soyuz , which was developed in the mid-1970s by OKB-1 Koroljow ( Experimental Design Bureau -1, now RKK Energija ) to supply space stations of the Salyut series has been. Later the Mir space station was also flown to with Progress . Nowadays the Progress transporters take off for the International Space Station (ISS). The Soyuz rocket serves as the carrier .
The first 134 launches up to and including the Progress M-11M on June 21, 2011 were all successful. Since then (as of December 2016) there have been a total of three total losses in 21 other launches.
construction
Progress basically consists of three modules : the pressurized cargo section derived from the Soyuz orbital module (Progress GO = Gruzovoi otsek / Russian Грузовой отсек) with an air lock, the tank section (Progress OKD = Otsek komponentov dozapravki /в везоток вездовпран Отосravki /в вездсек the service module (Progress PAO = Priborno-agregatniy otsek / russ. Приборно-агрегатный отсек) with the engines and the energy supply for Progress.
Progress has no return capsule and is loaded with garbage after the space station has been refueled and the cargo has been unloaded, so that it burns up in the earth's atmosphere. In order not to have to start a Soyuz for every sample return from Mir , the return module VBK-Raduga , (VBK for Vozvrashchaemaya ballisticheskaya kapsula / Russian.
Versions
In the mid-1970s, an unmanned cargo variant of the Soyuz 7K-T was developed, which was named Progress . The first launch took place on January 20, 1978 to the Salyut 6 space station . In the 1980s, a new variant of the cargo ship, Progress M, was designed; it was now based on the Soyuz-T spaceship and was launched for the first time in 1989 for Mir. Progress M was later used on the ISS. Another modification of the ship followed in 2000 with the Progress M1, this time the fuel loading capacity of the freighter was increased. The ISS is currently supplied by Progress-M spaceships, Progress-M1 tankers are only used when required.
On November 26th, 2008 a Progress spaceship of the new version Progress M-01M ( GRAY index : 11F615A60) was launched. Instead of the previous analog flight control system Argon-16, it has triple redundant digital flight control systems ZWN-101 (with RISC 3081 processor) and a miniaturized radio telemetry system MBITS . The new systems allow faster and more efficient flight control and save 75 kg in weight.
progress
- Length: 7.48 m
- Maximum diameter: 2.72 m
- Mass: 7020 kg
- Payload: 2,315 kg, of which a maximum of 975 kg is fuel
- First flight: January 20, 1978 (Progress 1 to Salyut 6)
- Last flight: May 5, 1990 (Progress 42 to Mir)
- Number of successful starts: 42, of which
- 12 to Salyut 6
- 12 to Salyut 7
- 18 to me
- Energy supply: accumulators
Progress M
- Length: 7.23 m
- Maximum diameter: 2.72 m
- Mass: 7450 kg
- Payload: 2,350 kg, of which a maximum of 1,200 kg is fuel
- First flight: August 23, 1989 (Progress M 1 to Mir)
- Last flight: July 24, 2009 (Progress M 67 to the ISS, Deorbit September 27, 2009)
- Number of successful starts: 67, of which
- 43 to me
- 24 to the ISS
- Energy supply: solar cells and batteries
Progress M1
- Length: 7.2 m
- Maximum diameter: 2.72 m
- Mass: 7150 kg
- Payload: 2,230 kg, of which a maximum of 1,950 kg is fuel
- First flight: February 1, 2000 (Progress M1-1 to Mir)
- Last flight: January 29, 2004 (Progress M1-11 to the ISS, Deorbit on June 3, 2004)
- Number of successful starts: 11, of which
- 3 to me
- 8 to the ISS
- Energy supply: solar cells and batteries
Progress MM
- Length: 7.2 m
- Maximum diameter: 2.72 m
- Mass: 7150 kg
- Payload: 2,425 kg
- First flight: November 26, 2008 (Progress M-01M to the ISS)
- Last flight: October 1, 2015 (Progress M-29M, Deorbit on April 8, 2016)
- Number of successful starts: 29, all to the ISS
- Number of failed starts: 2 ( Progress M-12M and M-27M )
- Energy supply: solar cells and batteries
Progress MS
- Length: 7.23 m
- Maximum diameter: 2.72 m
- Takeoff weight: 7200 kg
- Payload volume: 6.6 m³
- Span: 10.6 m
- First flight: December 21, 2015 (Progress MS-01 to the ISS)
- Number of successful starts (by July 2019): 11, all to the ISS
- Number of failed starts (until July 2019): 1 ( Progress MS-04 )
The further developed Progress MS spaceships differ from the previous version , among other things, in the new approach and coupling system course NA and an additional micrometeorite protection . In addition, some components that previously were from the Ukraine , were used because of the ongoing tensions between Ukraine and Russia by the euromaidan , the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the war in Ukraine since 2014 replaced by Russian components.
The MS version has an improved rendezvous system course NA, which is intended to improve the reliability and safety of the docking maneuver. In this case, the new AO-753A antenna replaces the previous 2AO-VKA and three AKR-VKA antennas, the pair of 2ASF-M-VKA antennas was retained. The new flight control system SUD uses the GLONASS navigation satellites instead of signals from the ground stations to determine the orbit and thus allows autonomous flight path measurement. The EKTS communication system, which replaces the older Kvant-B system, enables improved real-time communication with the ground station via the Lutsch-5 data relay satellites. With all three available Lutsch satellites, communication with ground control can be maintained 83 percent in orbit. Despite the availability of the relay satellites, direct communication with the ground stations is still used for spacecraft control and telemetry. Other changes include a digital video system, which replaces the previous analog one, LED lighting, new sensors and an electrical backup for the docking system. Transport mechanisms for the release of CubeSats were installed on the outside . Up to four launch containers for these small satellites can be installed in each outer compartment.
Progress-MS can transport up to 1800 kg of dry cargo, 420 kg of water, 50 kg of air or oxygen and 850 kg of fuel. On the return flight, the spaceship can be loaded with 1000 to 1600 kg of waste and 400 kg of liquid waste.
Comparison with other space transporters
| Spaceship | progress | Space Shuttle with MPLM | ATV |
HTV HTV-X |
Dragon 1 Dragon 2 |
Cygnus | Tianzhou | Dream chaser |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Starting capacity | 2.2-2.4 t | 9 t | 7.7 t | 6.0 t 5.8 t |
6.0 t | 2.0 t (2013) 3.5 t (2015) 3.75 t (2019) |
6.5 t | 5.5 t |
| Landing capacity | 150 kg (with VBK-Raduga ) | 9 t | - | 20 kg (from HTV-7) | 3.0 t | - | - | 1.75 t |
|
Special skills |
Reboost, fuel transfer |
Transport of ISPR, transport of external loads, station construction, reboost |
Reboost, fuel transfer |
Transportation of ISPR , transportation of external loads |
Transportation of ISPR, transportation of external loads |
Transport of ISPR | Fuel transfer | |
| carrier | Soyuz | STS | Ariane 5 |
H-2B H3 |
Falcon 9 | Antares / Atlas 5 | Long March 7 | Vulcan |
|
Start-up costs (rough information) |
$ 65 million | $ 450 million | $ 600 million | HTV: $ 300-320 million | $ 150/230 million
(Dragon 1/2) |
$ 260/220 million (Cygnus 2/3) | ||
| Manufacturer | RKK Energija | Alenia Spazio (MPLM) | Airbus Defense and Space | Mitsubishi Electric | SpaceX | Orbital Sciences | CAST | Sierra Nevada |
| Period of use | since 1978 | 2001-2011 | 2008-2015 | 2009–2020 from 2022 |
2012–2020 from 2020 |
since 2014 | since 2017 | from 2021 |
italic = planned
commitment
Progress is currently serving as a supply ship for the International Space Station. An average of four vans are started every year.
Flight time to the ISS
With the Progress M 16M (July 2012), Progress M 17M (October 2012) and Progress M 18M (February 2013) a drastically reduced flight time to the space station ISS of around 6 hours was achieved compared to around 50 hours for earlier flights. The three flights were tests for the new orbits that will be used from 2013 for the manned Soyuz spacecraft .
“The procedure became possible because, since 2012, the flight path of the International Space Station can be better adapted to these maneuvers. In particular, the orbit time can be regulated in such a way that there is an overflight of the station over Kazakhstan every three days, where the runway level intersects the take-off point when the station is about 30 degrees ahead.
On July 10, 2018, a Progress MS-09 capsule transported around 2.5 t of supplies in just 3.5 hours from take-off to the ISS - the shortest flight time to date.
Failures
On June 25, 1997, the Progress M-34 supply spaceship collided with the Mir space station due to a docking error . The damaged Spektr module was leaking and had to be sealed. Damage to the module's solar panels caused a third of the power supply to fail. The problems on board were resolved two months later with a crew exchange.
On August 24, 2011, the Progress M-12M transporter took off from Baikonur. The launch was aborted after 325 seconds of flight time after a malfunction occurred in the rocket motor of the third stage of the Soyuz U launcher. As a result, the space transporter could not reach the required orbit and crashed over the Altai Mountains . It was the 135th flight of a Progress spacecraft and the first failed mission since the program began in 1978. Because of the problems with the launcher, further Soyuz rocket launches were suspended until the cause of the crash was clarified. The next start in October 2011 was successful.
On April 28, 2015, the supply flight 59P to the ISS was started from Baikonur with the Transporter Progress M-27M . This was the 150th start of a Progress module. The required orbit was not reached due to an error in the shutdown of the third stage or the disconnection of the space transporter. The transporter could not be brought under control and burned up in the earth's atmosphere on May 8th.
On December 1, 2016, the Progress MS-04 space freighter took off for the 65P supply flight to the ISS. After a flight that initially went according to plan, Russian ground control lost contact with the missile six minutes and 22 seconds after launch. Two minutes later, the space freighter should have been separated from the Soyuz launcher. The cause was suspected to be a problem with the third stage of the launcher, a wrong part could have been installed. The space freighter burned up almost completely when it re-entered the earth's atmosphere. The entire payload, including a new space suit, was lost.
Others
During the re-entry maneuver , the space transporters are slowed down so that fragments of rubble that have not completely burned up fall down in an area in the southern Pacific . This area is known as the “ cemetery of spaceships ”, among other things, the remains of more than 60 space freighters and about 40 tons of the disused Mir space station sank in this area of the sea.
List of ISS missions
See list of unmanned missions to the International Space Station
Web links
- Progress on the Russian Space Web
- Progress in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Novosti-Kosmonavtiki: НОВОСТИ КОСМОНАВТИКИ ( Memento from March 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Anatoly Zak, Alain Chabot: Progress MM cargo ship. February 4, 2011, accessed June 13, 2013 .
- ↑ russianspaceweb.com: Progress-MS cargo ship , accessed on January 28, 2016.
- ↑ a b spaceflight101.com: Progress MS - Spacecraft & Satellites , accessed January 28, 2016.
- ↑ HTV-X on Gunter's Space Page, accessed on September 24, 2019.
- ↑ a b Dragon. SpaceX. In: spacex.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016 ; accessed on September 22, 2019 (English).
- ↑ a b Dragon. SpaceX. In: spacex.com. Retrieved September 22, 2019 .
- ^ Commercial Resupply Services. In: orbitalatk.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Eric Berger: NASA to pay more for less cargo delivery to the space station. April 27, 2018, accessed September 22, 2019 .
- ^ Antares launches Cygnus cargo spacecraft on first CRS-2 mission . Spacenews, November 2, 2019.
- ^ A b Sierra Nevada firms up Atlas V Missions for Dream Chaser Spacecraft, gears up for Flight Testing. In: Spaceflight 101 July 9, 2017, accessed September 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Bernd Leitenberger: Progress. In: bernd-leitenberger.de. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ How much does it cost to launch a Space Shuttle? NASA, March 23, 2019, accessed March 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Fourth ATV attached to Ariane 5 launcher. In: spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Space station partners assess logistics needs beyond 2015. In: spaceflightnow.com. December 1, 2009, accessed March 24, 2018 .
- ↑ Robert Wyre: JAXA Wants ¥¥¥¥¥ for 2020 Rocket. In: majiroxnews.com. January 19, 2011, archived from the original on March 2, 2016 ; accessed on March 24, 2018 (English).
- ↑ a b SpaceX price hikes will make ISS cargo missions more costly . Engadget, April 27, 2018.
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Japan's HTV ready for launch with last set of new space station solar batteries . Spaceflight Now, May 19, 2020.
- ↑ Progress-M 18M started and immediately connected to: raumfahrer.net from February 13, 2013, accessed on February 13, 2013
- ↑ derstandard.de: Russian space freighter docked: Rapid short flight to the ISS , accessed on July 13, 2018
- ↑ NASA: Cargo Craft Docks to Station After Short Trip , accessed July 13, 2018
- ↑ Spaceflight Report: Soyuz TM-25. Retrieved June 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Russian Space Web: Russian cargo ship fails to reach orbit. August 24, 2011, accessed December 4, 2016 .
- ↑ AFP : Russian authorities put Soyuz rocket launches on hold for the time being ( memento from January 25, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) August 25, 2011.
- ↑ Roscosmos : РОСКОСМОС: ТГК «ПРОГРЕСС М-27М» ПРЕКРАТИЛ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИЕ. May 8, 2015, Retrieved May 8, 2015 (Russian).
- ^ Chairman of all commissions , Novaya Gazeta, January 25, 2018
- ↑ Stephen Clark: Russian space station cargo freighter lost on launch. December 1, 2016, accessed December 1, 2016 .
- ↑ Russia sank disused space transporters in the Pacific derstandard.at
- ↑ Progress Spacecraft Will Sink In Pacific space-travel.com
- ↑ Space junk - "Mir" landed in the Pacific spiegel.de
- ^ ISS space freighter sunk in the "cemetery of spaceships" derstandard.at, accessed on October 30, 2011.