Pseudoplatystoma
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| Bleeker , 1862 |
Pseudoplatystoma is a genus of South American catfish species from the family of the aerial catfish(Pimelodidae). The three main species are known by a number of local names and names. The catfish inhabit large rivers in northeast Argentina , Paraguay , Bolivia , Uruguay and Brazil . They prefer to live close to the ground in the main stream at great depths. Pseudoplatystoma catfish have a robust build, have tasty meat and are therefore important freshwater edible fish in many Latin American countries.
Names and designations
The name of these catfish species on Guaraní is Surubí, which was also adopted by the Spanish-speaking immigrants. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans is also known as Moleque or Pintado . Colloquially also Bagre rayado or Pintadillo, in English as Tiger Catfish or due to its characteristic mouth as Tiger Shovelnose. Spotted Sorubim, Barred Sorubim and Tiger Sorubim are English names on all three species P. corruscans , P. fasciatum , and P . tigrinum and describe the color pattern of the fish. Tiger spatula is the most common trade name in the aquarium hobby.
distribution and habitat
The distribution of the Pseudoplatystoma catfish includes the large South American lowland rivers such as the Amazon , Orinoco , Río Paraná , Rio São Francisco , Río Magdalena , Rio Rupununi, Essequibo and Suriname and its tributaries in Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana .
- Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum its distribution area is limited to the Suriname, the Rupununi and the Essequibo.
- Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum lives in the Amazon in Ecuador , Peru and Brazil and other rivers in Colombia and Venezuela
- Pseudoplatystoma corruscans is native to the Rio Paraná and Rio São Francisco in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
- Pseudoplatystoma orinocoense lives purely endemically in the Orinoco in Venezuela
- Pseudoplatystoma punctifer lives in the Amazon and other rivers in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela
- Pseudoplatystoma metaense is native to the Orinoco River in Colombia and Venezuela, its name comes from the Río Meta , a tributary of the Orinoco in Colombia
- Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum also P. garciamarquezi is an endemic species that can only be found around the Río Magdalena and Río Cauca in Colombia
- Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum occurs in central Amazonian waters of Bolivia and Brazil, and also in the Rio Paraná in Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay
The catfish live in a wide range of habitats such as B. large rivers and streams, lakes, canals, up to flooded grasslands and forests. P. fasciatum prefers to seek out river beds and flooded forests and is very similar in its biology to P. tigrinum , the latter preferring shady parts of the water. P. tigrinum is typical for river estuaries but also for upper reaches of rivers above the first rapids up to the headwaters. While the juvenile fish are mostly in flood forests, adults prefer to live in the main stream of fast-flowing as well as standing water zones.
description
All Pseudoplatystoma species have a large elongated body with a striped or spotted pattern. The pattern is species-specific. They reach lengths from 55 centimeters to over 1.60 meters. Their flattened head is relatively large and has a large duckbill-like mouth. Eyes and teeth are small, the mandibles are very long, especially in juvenile fish. After gonadal maturity , the females grow much faster than the smaller males.
- P. fasciatum has 10-11 vertical stripes, which are wider than other Pseudoplatystoma species living in the Amazon, it reaches a maximum length of 90 centimeters.
- P. tigrinum has a ribbon-like pattern that starts from the back and extends to the flanks, large specimens can be up to 130 centimeters long.
- P. corruscans is characterized by large spots that run in six to eight rows with four to 13 vertical stripes. The largest fish reached a length of 114 centimeters
- P. orinocoense has vertical stripes that are longer than P. faciatum and P. punctifer, they are only about 49 centimeters long.
- P. punctifer has straight dark vertical stripes and spot-like points on the lateral side, they are up to 140 centimeters long
- P. metaense has a number of points that are irregularly distributed over its darker body part, pectoral and pelvic fins have no pigmentation, the fish are only 53 centimeters tall.
- P. magdaleniatum has wide dark stripes on its flanks, the animals reach a maximum length of 100 centimeters
- P. reticulatum got its name from its characteristic pattern, which is much more irregular than that of P. fasciatum , P. orinocoense , and P. punctifer ; they are up to 60 centimeters long.
Juvenile fish differ greatly from adult animals in their appearance and their drawing changes in the course of development. Only later do the fish develop their olive-brown color.
Reproduction
All Pseudoplatystoma catfish are migratory fish, with P. orinocense and P. tigrinum only covering short distances. At the end of the dry season , both the catfish and their prey fish migrate, which only end towards the end of the rainy season . The energy-intensive migration behavior of P. corruscans is strongly dependent on the degree of flooding of the rivers. The highest reproductive activity is recorded at the beginning of the rainfall and thus also the highest development phase of the gonads.
nutrition
Pseudoplatystoma catfish are nocturnal predatory fish that mainly hunt smaller fish such as New World knife fish , Clichidae, Loricariidae or tetra. Species like Prochilodus lineatus and Leporinus obtusidens are also among their preferred prey. The catfish eating behavior is opportunistic as they also eat crabs and other small animals.
External system
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The relationships within the catfish family have been well studied. The genus is within a monophyletic group of Sorubim , Sorubimichthys , Hemisorubim and Zungaro , the genus Hemisorubim being the sister genus of Pseudoplatystoma . The diagram shows the relationships:
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Internal system
Pseudoplatystoma is a monophyletic genus of catfish. P. fasciatum was the first species that was described by Carl von Linné and thus a type species of the genus. Platystoma corruscans followed in 1829, later renamed Pseudoplatystoma corruscans , followed about ten years later by Platystoma tigrinum , now Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum . In 2007, the current independent species P. punctifer , P. orinocoense , P. magdaleniatum and P. reticulatumals were separated from P. fasciatum . P. tigrinum has been restricted to the population in the Amazon basin, while the population in the Orinoco has been described as the species P. metaense .
The former collective genera continue to form monophyletic clades. P. corruscans is the sister species of the P. fasciatum group. The P. tigrinum group is the sister group of P. corruscans and the P. fasciatum group.
use
The economic importance of the Pseudoplatystoma catfish is very great, therefore they are offered in local markets in almost all of South America and play a large role in human nutrition. P. fasciatum has juicy yellowish flesh and is almost free of bones, P. tigrinum is the most important catfish species for the gill nets on the Guaporé and Marmoré in Bolivia. The great popularity has led to a dramatic overfishing in many places, so that some Pseudoplatystoma species have already disappeared in some tributaries of the Amazon, Orinoco and Magdalena. In the Argentine province of Entre Rios near Rosario, 27,000 tons of Pseudoplatystoma ssp. Caught, accounting for 70 to 80% of the total catch. P. corruscans caught in the wild have fallen sharply, so attempts are being made to domesticate the catfish in ponds and aquacultures. The potential of the fish for pond keeping has not yet been fully exploited. The spawning of the animals is induced with hormones.
Young Pseudoplatystoma catfish are popular aquarium fish and are marketed under the name tiger spatula catfish. Keeping smaller species is relatively unproblematic, larger specimens can greatly decimate small fish due to their hunting behavior.
swell
- Buitrago-Suárez and Ángel Uriel: Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de las Especies de Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker 1862 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) (PDF). Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc., 2006, 30 (114): 117-141. PDF
- Buitrago-Suárez, Uriel Angel, Burr, M. Brooks: Taxonomy of the catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) with recognition of eight species (PDF). Zootaxa 1512: 1-38., 2007 PDF .
Individual evidence
- ↑ MFG Brito and N. Bazzoli: Reproduction of the Surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 55 (5), 2003, ISSN 0102-0935 in http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352003000500018
Remarks
- ↑ port. Street boy, urchin
- ↑ port. The painted, colored
- ^ Spanish striped catfish
- ↑ engl. Tiger catfish
- ↑ engl. Tiger shovel nose
- ↑ engl. Spotted Sorubim
- ^ Sorubim grid
Web links
- Pseudoplatystoma on Fishbase.org (English)