Psychic (psychiatry)
When psychics those are psychiatrists and representatives of the Department of Psychiatry indicated that in mental illness a disorder of the soul or the spirit deem relevant. According to Georg Ernst Stahl (1660–1734), the soul suffers (“pathetic”) in itself and also causes (“ sympathetic ”) physical disorders. This view is in contrast to the theoretical approach of the somatics , according to which it is not mental but physical disorders that are responsible for the occurrence of mental illnesses.
Intellectual history
The contradicting terms “psychic” and “somatic” are a consequence of the history of ideas, in which the concept of the soul had acquired a firm place, and a consequence of the development of the newly emerging natural sciences and mathematics. The mind-body problem is thus at the center of the disputes between psychics and somatics, which were carried out with ideological zeal. Representatives of psychics in Germany were mostly theologians or theologically oriented philosophers or came from a corresponding family.
History of Psychiatry
There were psychics especially in Germany. Ackerknecht also sees political factors as decisive here. The fact that the positions of the psychicists were often represented by philosophers and theologians justifies the assumption that this was actually a continuation of a state philosophy as it was common in absolutism , cf. → Hôpital général . Georg Ernst Stahl (1660–1734) can be seen as the first psychic with his teaching on animism . Psychics at that time were mainly Johann Gottfried Langermann (1768–1832), Johann Christian August Heinroth (1773–1843) and Karl Wilhelm Ideler (1795–1860) and Heinrich Philipp August Damerow (1798–1866). Most psychics, above all Heinroth, spoke out against the possibility of hereditary problems of mental illness. The complex definition of soul and spirit was mainly pursued by philosophers. In Germany, the term psychiatry was first coined by Johann Christian Reil (1759–1813), who, however, already included somatic aspects in his considerations. This may also play a role in naming the psychic. The concept of psychosomatics was also used for the first time in Germany by J. C. A. Heinroth during this period. Involved in the mainly philosophical debate in Germany were Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) with his anthropology in pragmatic terms , Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854) with his philosophy of identity or his pupil Carl August von Eschenmayer (1768-1852), who at the same time Was a doctor and philosopher. An offset to Schelling on the issue of mental illness took Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) a. Mainly at the beginning of the 19th century there was a dispute about the nature of mental illness. This discussion was based on the already advanced development of psychiatric institutions in England and France. Socio-economic factors were more responsible for this in England and political factors in France.
In Germany there was no broad public opinion on these issues. For this reason, the historical development of institutional psychiatry initially took place from the point of view of public safety and morality, as was desired in government circles. The moral treatment was therefore also be designed for the psychics rather the standard of public morality because of the personal standards of value. It was the method par excellence, since an influence on the soul should be exercised not through physical, but through moral measures. This led to the fact that military drill was cultivated rather than salutary treatment of the sick.
Further personalities at least close to the psychics were Carl Joseph Windischmann , Johann Nepomuk Ringseis , Andreas Röschlaub , Friedrich Eduard Beneke , Dietrich Georg Kieser and Alexander Haindorf .
Today's meaning
The importance of mental factors in triggering mental illness is now referred to as psychogeny . She plays u. a. a role in the assessment of functional relationships that can exist without organic damage. Psychogeny is of crucial importance for the professional profile of psychologists , psychotherapists and representatives of psychosomatic medicine . The still sterile opposition between two ideological camps (somatics and psychics) was to be bridged by a holistic and multi-conditional approach ( Ernst Kretschmer ).
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ackerknecht, Erwin H .: Brief history of psychiatry . Enke, Stuttgart 3 1985, ISBN 3-432-80043-6 ; (a) Re. “GE Stahl”: Pages 35 f., (b) Re. “Reasons for the German preference for taking up the psychic debate”: Page 59; (b) Re. “functional aspect”: page 36.
- ↑ a b Degkwitz, Rudolf et al. (Ed.): Mentally ill . Introduction to Psychiatry for Clinical Study. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-541-09911-9 ; Columns indicated below with ~: - (a) Re. “Spiritual and historical background”: page 16 ~ 1; (b) Re. “Modern Psychics”: Page 451 ~ 1.
- ↑ Magdalena Frühinsfeld: Anton Müller. First insane doctor at the Juliusspital in Würzburg: life and work. A short outline of the history of psychiatry up to Anton Müller. Medical dissertation Würzburg 1991, pp. 9–80 ( Brief outline of the history of psychiatry ) and 81–96 ( History of psychiatry in Würzburg to Anton Müller ), pp. 130 f.
- ^ Dörner, Klaus : Citizens and Irre . On the social history and sociology of science in psychiatry. (1969) Fischer Taschenbuch, Bücher des Wissens, Frankfurt / M 1975, ISBN 3-436-02101-6 ; Pages 287-295, 298 f., 305.
- ^ Monika Lidl: Johann Christian August Heinroth (1773–1843) and his therapeutic concept. Medical dissertation, Würzburg 1981, p. 11.