Puccinia galiiuniversa
| Puccinia galiiuniversa | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Puccinia galiiuniversa | ||||||||||||
| Okame & Yamaoka |
Puccinia galiiuniversa is a type of rust fungus (Pucciniales). Its representatives go through a macro cycle with four different stages of development and infestthe sedge Carex maackii as Haplont burdock bedstraw ( Galium aparine ) and as dikaryote . Their known distribution area includes the valley of the Tone and the Sugaonuma in eastern Japan . The species is likely tied to wetlands in the region, where both host plants occur together and in dense stands. Since Carex maackii is endangered in Japan, the same should apply to Puccinia galiiuniversa .
Puccinia galiiuniversa was set up in 2014 by Izumi Okame and Yuichi Yamaoka for rust fungus finds from the Tone Valley that could not be assigned to known species in terms of genetics , morphology or ecology. The phylogenetic relationships of the species are unclear; morphological and ecological similarities indicate a close relationship with Puccinia caricis-fediae .
Morphology and symptoms of infestation
Puccinia galiiuniversa is a macrocyclic grate, so it has four different types of fruit storage. The spermogonia of the species grow scattered on the underside of the leaf of burdock bedstraws ( Galium aparine ). They are vial-shaped, 99–143 µm high, 104–152 µm wide and grow under the host epidermis . Their color ranges between yellow and brown. The pale yellow aecia of the fungus also grow scattered on the underside of the leaves of the burdock bedstraw. They are cup-shaped, warty and have peridia of irregular-polygonal cells that are concave on the inside, measuring 18–27 × 13–19 µm. P. galiiuniversa has spherical to almost spherical, often slightly angular aeciospores. They are colorless , 13-16 × 10-14 µm in size, warty and covered with granules on the surface. The wall thickness of the aeciospores is between 0.4 and 1.3 µm. The uredia of the species appear on the underside (abaxial) on the leaves of the Carex maackii sedge . They initially grow scattered under the epidermis, but then break out. The uredia are light yellow and do not have paraphyses . Their urediospores are obovoid or ellipsoid and are 15–19 µm long and 10–14 µm wide. Their spore walls are 0.8–1.5 µm thick, prickly and hyaline to light yellow. The germ pores of the uredospores are inconspicuous. Like the uredia, the hyaline to light yellow parts of P. galiiuniversa grow on the underside of the leaf. They are scattered, break out of the epidermis and have no paraphyses. Their ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped teliospores are two-celled and waisted at the level of the septum. The spores measure 27–43 × 9–14 and have walls 0.4–1.5 µm thick; at the tip the spore wall is 1–5 µm thick. The teliospores are light yellow to hyaline, smooth and sit on 19–59 µm long stems. The germ pores are inconspicuous.
On the burdock bedstraw, the attack by P. galiiuniversa is noticeable through the appearance of spermogonia and aecia on the shoots. It systematically attacks the instincts; all leaves growing after the attack show aecia. They are lighter in color than uninfected shoots and produce shorter leaves. However, older parts of the plant are not affected. As a result of the infection, the plants become sterile and no longer produce flowers. Uredia first appear on C. maackii , later teliae on the abaxial side of the leaves.
distribution
Puccinia galiiuniversa has so far been found in two different places in the eastern Japanese Kantō : in the wetlands along the Tone near Toride and in Sugaonuma near Jōsō . While the burdock bedstraw is widespread as a dikaryote host in the entire Palearctic , the occurrence of the haplont host C. maackii is limited to Japan, China , Korea and the Russian Far East . P. galiiuniversaa can probably only survive in areas where both species coexist and are in close proximity to one another. In Japan, C. maackii is considered rare and classified as endangered because the drainage of wetlands limits its habitat. A similar status should apply to P. galiiuniversa .
ecology
Puccinia galiiuniversa forms large areas of spermogonia on burdock bedstraws in April. The infection may happen earlier, but it only takes on larger proportions in spring. The spermogonia produce a sweet, nectar-like substance that is likely to be ingested by pollinators , which transports the spermatia to other spermogonia and fuses with their recipient types. Although the spermogonia can in principle fertilize themselves, the use of pollinator insects as vectors offers an additional possibility for recombination . From the now binuclear mycelium , aecia then form between the spermogonia, which through mitosis produce aeciospores on a large scale. The aeciospores are transported by the wind to nearby Carex maackii plants, where they germinate in uredia after around 20–24 days. The uredia multiply the number of spores by also producing uredospores through mitosis throughout the year, which can germinate on C. maacki . This eliminates spore production on the burdock bedstraw, so the fungus is more independent from the dikaryote host. Both aecio and uredospores can also germinate in mycelium, which develops into telia. The Telia produce large, two-celled spores that are spread by the wind and are immediately germinable when they land on burdock bedstraw. The nuclei of their cells then fuse and form small basidia , from whose spores spermogonia germinate again in April. The time from inoculation to the formation of spermogonia and aecia is 18–19 days.
Taxonomy and systematics
The starting point for today's species Puccinia galiiuniversa was the discovery of a rust fungus on burdock rennet herbs in 2009 along the clays near Toride. A rust fungus was found on Carex maackii in the same area . Both could be morphologically and ecologically none of the known types of rust on Labkräutern or sedges assign. Izumi Okane , Yuichi Yamaoka , Makoto Kakishima, Junichi Peter Abe and Kazuo Obata carried out inoculation experiments in the laboratory with samples of the mushrooms found, compared their genome with that of other species and examined torids and the wetlands in the area at different times of the year for them. It turned out that the grates on sedges and bed herbs were the same species. Their microscopic features differed significantly from those of the other sedge gratings - P. mandshurica , P. hyalina and P. caricis-fediae . The field studies showed stable occurrences at the clay and in the nearby Sugaonuma. Genetically, there was no greater agreement with any of the comparison species. Okane and Yamaoka therefore created a new species for the mushrooms, Puccinia galiiuniversa . The specific epithet consists of galii- ( genitive of Galium ) and -universa (“complete”) and refers to the systemic infestation of the burdock bedstraw .
The ITS sequences of P. galiiuniversa show the greatest similarities with those of P. caricina var. Ribis-ferrugineae , P. silvatica and Uromyces pisi . Among all sedge grates, P. caricis-fediae shows the greatest morphological similarities to P. galiiuniversa .
swell
literature
- Izumi Okane, Yuichi Yamaoka, Makoto Kakishima, Junichi Peter Abe, Kazuo Obata: Puccinia galiiuniversa, a new caricicolous rust fungus systemically inhabiting Galium aparine in its spermogonial – aecial stage . In: Mycoscience . tape 55 (2) , 2014, pp. 89-97 , doi : 10.1016 / j.myc.2013.05.008 .