Puccinia
Puccinia | ||||||||||||
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Black rust ( Puccinia graminis ) on wheat |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Puccinia | ||||||||||||
Persoon |
Puccinia are a very extensive genus offungifrom the family of the Pucciniaceae in the order of the rust fungi (Pucciniales). All species in this genus cause plant diseases known as rust. Practically all types of grain, with the exception of rice, can be attacked by Puccinia species, which can lead to significant yield losses.
features
Macroscopic features
As a rule, only the spore beds protruding on the surface of the host plants can be seen with the naked eye. These grow in nests that usually appear as spots and pustules on the leaf surfaces. The raised spots are usually brown, sometimes yellow to orange. The color and haptic appearance is reminiscent of iron rust and gave the whole order its name.
Microscopic features
The mycelium of all Puccinia species grows intercellularly and forms suction threads that grow into the host's storage tissue.
distribution
The genus includes over 4000 species . Individual species are regionally limited. But the grain pests in particular are widespread worldwide as crop followers .
ecology
The fungi feed on the nutrients present in the storage tissue of the plants, their spore beds later break through the plant surfaces on leaves or stems and release spores . Many Puccinia species go through five vegetative stations during their development cycle , which are usually distributed between two different hosts . The greater the harmful effect on important cultivated plants, the more intensively the development cycles of the individual species were examined. A good example of this is the ecology of black grain rust . Whereby cereals such as common wheat as main hosts and barberries as intermediate hosts are attacked.
The mallow rust ( Puccinia malvacearum ), on the other hand, does not change host and spends its life cycle on different mallow and marshmallow species. It only forms tele-lines and is therefore microcyclic.
In the case of maize rust ( Puccinia sorghi, syn. P. mayidis ), the maize plants are infected by the transmission of infected sorrel species , which must be present within a few meters. Under optimal microclimatic conditions for the species with repeatedly high humidity, epidemic epidemics occur in the dense stands typical of grain cultivation .
Combat
Indirectly
With an interruption in the life cycle, the spread of species that develop on two different hosts can be controlled indirectly. For this purpose, the intermediate hosts are often pushed back by targeted weed control with herbicides, less often by weeding or clearing . In addition, the cultivation of susceptible varieties should be avoided in infected areas and crop residues should be carefully plowed in. Before the direct connection between barberries growing in close proximity to cereal-growing areas and the occurrence of black rust from grain was proven, attempts were made early around 1660 to eradicate barberries in order to combat the black rust infestation of the grain. However, this was only partially successful, as in many Puccinia species the uredospores can also overwinter. When sowing winter cereals , the seeds can be attacked in autumn. Another indirect control method is the breeding of resistant crop varieties. This, too, is only partially or temporarily successful, since, in addition to the large number of Puccinia species, there are also a number of varieties and forms that arise through mutation or crossing , which can overcome the resistance of newly bred cultivated plant varieties. An example of this are the varieties and forms of black rust from grain that emerged over the course of the long cultivation time of grain .
Directly
Direct chemical control is possible with fungicides . However, this is controversial and the use of pesticides must be usually repeated several times.
Types (selection)
A selection of Puccinia species and the crops that attack them:
- Puccinia allii : affects various leeks
- Puccinia arundinellae-anomalae : attacks the ziest Stachys japonicae and the sweet grass Arundinella anomala
- Puccinia asparagi : affects various asparagus
- Puccinia asprellae-japonicae : attacks the sweet grass Hystrix japonicae
- Puccinia australis : attacks sedum and the sweet grass genus Cleistogenes
- Puccinia bambusarum : affects a Arundinaria - Bamboo
- Puccinia chaetochloae : affects Ixophorus unisetus , Paspalum , Pennisetum spicatum and millet
- Puccinia convolvuli : Affects species of the genus Calystegia and Convolvulus
- Puccinia deformata : infects the bamboo - genus Olyra
- Puccinia ekmanii : attacks the sweet grass Leersia monandra
- Puccinia graminis ( grain black rust ): affects various grains such as wheat , barley , oats and rye
- Puccinia hordei : affects barley crops
- Puccinia kwanhsienensis : attacks species of the genus Bambusa
- Puccinia levis : attacks sweet grasses of the Paniceae tribe
- Puccinia macra : attacks the sweet grass genus Paspalum
- Puccinia miscanthicola : attacks the sweet grass Miscanthus sacchariflorus
- Puccinia moyanoi : attacks the sweet grass Agrostis moyanoi
- Puccinia poae-nemoralis ( meadow rust ) and Puccinia poarum : infects lawn and willow grass
- Puccinia sorghi, syn. P. mayidis ( maize rust ): affects maize crops
- Puccinia striiformis ( yellow rust): attacks various grains, such as wheat, triticale , barley and, more rarely, rye
- Puccinia tepperi : infects reeds
- Puccinia tripsaci : Endoparasite of sack flower species ( Ceanothus ) and of sweet grasses of the genera Andropogon and Tripsacum
- Puccinia triticina ( brown rust of wheat ): affects wheat cultures
- Puccinia vulpiana : affects leeks and spring fescue
Further
- Puccinia abnormal
- Puccinia abramoviana
- Puccinia abramsii
- Puccinia abrupta
- Puccinia absicca
- Puccinia achnatheri-sibirici
- Puccinia acroptili
- Puccinia addita
- Puccinia advena
- Puccinia aegopogonis
- Puccinia aeluropodis
- Puccinia aestivalis
- Puccinia affinis
- Puccinia agrophila
- Puccinia agropyri-ciliaris
- Puccinia agropyri
- Puccinia agropyricola
- Puccinia agropyrina
- Puccinia agrostidicola
- Puccinia alia
- Puccinia alpina
- Puccinia alternans
- Puccinia altissimorum
- Puccinia ammophilae
- Puccinia amphigena
- Puccinia andropogonicola
- Puccinia andropogonis-hirti
- Puccinia andropogonis
- Puccinia angusii
- Puccinia annulatipes
- Puccinia anthephorae
- Puccinia apludae
- Puccinia arachidis
- Puccinia araguata
- Puccinia archibaccharidis
- Puccinia artemisiae-norvegicae
- Puccinia arthraxonis ciliaris
- Puccinia arthraxonis
- Puccinia arthurella
- Puccinia arthuri
- Puccinia arthuriana
- Puccinia arundinariae
- Puccinia arundinellae-setosae
- Puccinia arundinellae
- Puccinia arundinis-donacis
- Puccinia atragicola
- Puccinia austroussuriensis
- Puccinia avocensis
- Puccinia axiniphylli
- Puccinia azteca
- Puccinia baccharidis-hirtellae
- Puccinia basiporula
- Puccinia batesiana
- Puccinia belizensis
- Puccinia benguetensis
- Puccinia bewsiae
- Puccinia bistortae
- Puccinia borealis
- Puccinia boutelouae
- Puccinia brachypodii-phoenicoidis
- Puccinia brachystachyicola
- Puccinia brachytela
- Puccinia bromoides
- Puccinia burnettii
- Puccinia cacabata
- Puccinia cacao
- Puccinia cagayanensis
- Puccinia calanticariae
- Puccinia calcitrapae
- Puccinia caleae
- Puccinia californica
- Puccinia callianthemi
- Puccinia cenchri
- Puccinia cesatii
- Puccinia chaetii
- Puccinia changtuensis
- Puccinia chaseana
- Puccinia chihuahuana
- Puccinia chisosensis
- Puccinia chloracae
- Puccinia chloridis
- Puccinia chrysopogi
- Puccinia clematidis secalis
- Puccinia cockerelliana
- Puccinia cococlinii
- Puccinia cognata
- Puccinia concinna
- Puccinia conglomerata
- Puccinia corteziana
- Puccinia crandallii
- Puccinia crassiapicalis
- Puccinia crinitae
- Puccinia croci-pallasii
- Puccinia cryptandri
- Puccinia cryptica
- Puccinia daisenensis
- Puccinia daniloi
- Puccinia danthoniae
- Puccinia decolorata
- Puccinia desmanthodii
- Puccinia diarrhenae
- Puccinia dietelii
- Puccinia digitariae-velutinae
- Puccinia digna
- Puccinia digraphidis
- Puccinia diplachnicola
- Puccinia diploma
- Puccinia discreta
- Puccinia distichlidis
- Puccinia Dochmia
- Puccinia dolosoides
- Puccinia durangensis
- Puccinia duthiae
- Puccinia dyssodiae
- Puccinia eatoniae
- Puccinia echinulata
- Puccinia egregia
- Puccinia egressa
- Puccinia electrae
- Puccinia elymi
- Puccinia emaculata
- Puccinia enceliae
- Puccinia enixa
- Puccinia enneapogonis
- Puccinia enteropogonis
- Puccinia entrerriana
- Puccinia eragrostidicola
- Puccinia eragrostidis superbae
- Puccinia eragrostidis
- Puccinia eragrostis-arundinaceae
- Puccinia erianthicola
- Puccinia eritraeensis
- Puccinia erratica
- Puccinia erythrophus
- Puccinia esclavensis
- Puccinia espinosarum
- Puccinia eucomi
- Puccinia eupatorii
- Puccinia exasperans
- Puccinia excursionis
- Puccinia exornata
- Puccinia eylesii
- Puccinia faceta
- Puccinia fergussonii
- Puccinia ferox
- Puccinia festucae-ovinae
- Puccinia festucae
- Puccinia festucina
- Puccinia flaccida
- Puccinia flammuliformis
- Puccinia flavescens
- Puccinia fragosoana
- Puccinia fragosoi
- Puccinia fraseri
- Puccinia fushunensis
- Puccinia galiiuniversa
- Puccinia gallula
- Puccinia garnotiae
- Puccinia gaudiniana
- Puccinia ghiesbrechtii
- Puccinia gladioli
- Puccinia globulifera
- Puccinia glomerata
- Puccinia glyceriae
- Puccinia gnaphaliicola
- Puccinia graminella
- Puccinia grindeliae
- Puccinia guaranitica
- Puccinia guardiolae
- Puccinia guatemalensis
- Puccinia gymnolomiae
- Puccinia gymnopogonicola
- Puccinia gymnothrichis
- Puccinia harryana
- Puccinia helianthellae
- Puccinia helictotrichi
- Puccinia hieracii
- Puccinia hierochloina
- Puccinia hikawaensis
- Puccinia hilariae
- Puccinia hodgsoniana
- Puccinia holwayula
- Puccinia hordei-maritimi
- Puccinia huberi
- Puccinia hyparrheniae
- Puccinia hyparrhenicola
- Puccinia hysterium
- Puccinia ichnanthi
- Puccinia idonea
- Puccinia imperatae
- Puccinia inaequata
- Puccinia inanipes
- Puccinia inaudita
- Puccinia inclita
- Puccinia inclusa
- Puccinia inermis
- Puccinia infuscans
- Puccinia intermixta
- Puccinia interveniens
- Puccinia invelata
- Puccinia investita
- Puccinia iostephanes
- Puccinia irregularis
- Puccinia isachnes
- Puccinia ishikariensis
- Puccinia jaliscana
- Puccinia kakamariensis
- Puccinia kansensis
- Puccinia kawandensis
- Puccinia kenmorensis
- Puccinia kiusiana
- Puccinia koeleriicola
- Puccinia kuhniae
- Puccinia kusanoi
- Puccinia laguri-chamaemoly
- Puccinia lapsanae
- Puccinia lasiacidis
- Puccinia lasiagrostis
- Puccinia lavroviana
- Puccinia leptochloae-uniflorae
- Puccinia leptochloae
- Puccinia leptospora
- Puccinia lepturi
- Puccinia limnodeae
- Puccinia littoralis
- Puccinia longipes
- Puccinia longirostroides
- Puccinia longissima
- Puccinia lophatheri
- Puccinia loudetia-superbae
- Puccinia loudetiae
- Puccinia ludovicianae
- Puccinia madritensis
- Puccinia malalhuensis
- Puccinia marianae
- Puccinia massalis
- Puccinia mcvaughii
- Puccinia mellea
- Puccinia mexicensis
- Puccinia micrantha
- Puccinia microspora
- Puccinia milii-effusi
- Puccinia minussensis
- Puccinia mirifica
- Puccinia miscanthi
- Puccinia miscanthidii
- Puccinia miyoshiana
- Puccinia moliniae
- Puccinia montanensis
- Puccinia morigera
- Puccinia morthieri
- Puccinia nassellae
- Puccinia naumovii
- Puccinia negrensis
- Puccinia neocoronata
- Puccinia neorotundata
- Puccinia neyraudiae
- Puccinia nigroconoidea
- Puccinia noccae
- Puccinia notha
- Puccinia nuda
- Puccinia nyasaensis
- Puccinia nyasalandica
- Puccinia oahuensis
- Puccinia oaxacana
- Puccinia obesiseptata
- Puccinia oblata
- Puccinia obliquoseptata
- Puccinia ocellifera
- Puccinia opipara
- Puccinia opuntiae
- Puccinia orbicula
- Puccinia orchidearum-phalaridis
- Puccinia orientalis
- Puccinia oryzopsidis
- Puccinia otopappicola
- Puccinia pachypes
- Puccinia panici-montani
- Puccinia pappiana
- Puccinia pappohori
- Puccinia paradoxica
- Puccinia paroselae
- Puccinia parthenii
- Puccinia paspalina
- Puccinia pattersoniae
- Puccinia pattersoniana
- Puccinia pazensis
- Puccinia pazschkei
- Puccinia penniseti-lanati
- Puccinia permixta
- Puccinia perotidis
- Puccinia persistent
- Puccinia phaenospermae
- Puccinia phaeopoda
- Puccinia phalaridis
- Puccinia phyllostachydis
- Puccinia pinaropappi
- Puccinia piperi
- Puccinia piptochaetii
- Puccinia pogonarthriae
- Puccinia pogonatheri
- Puccinia polliniae-quadrinervis
- Puccinia polliniae
- Puccinia polliniicola
- Puccinia polypogonis
- Puccinia polysora
- Puccinia porophylli
- Puccinia posadensis
- Puccinia potosina
- Puccinia praealta
- Puccinia praegracilis
- Puccinia praemorsa
- Puccinia praetermissa
- Puccinia pratensis
- Puccinia proba
- Puccinia procera
- Puccinia psammochloae
- Puccinia pseudoatra
- Puccinia pseudocesatii
- Puccinia pugiensis
- Puccinia punctoidea
- Puccinia pusilla
- Puccinia puttemansii
- Puccinia rata
- Puccinia recedens
- Puccinia redempta
- Puccinia rufipes
- Puccinia rupestris
- Puccinia saltensis
- Puccinia sardonensis
- Puccinia schedonnardi
- Puccinia schistocarphae
- Puccinia schmidtiana
- Puccinia scleropogonis
- Puccinia semi-insculpta
- Puccinia senecionicola
- Puccinia seorsa
- Puccinia setariae-forbesianae
- Puccinia setariae
- Puccinia seymouriana
- Puccinia sierrensis
- Puccinia silphii
- Puccinia similis
- Puccinia sinaloana
- Puccinia sinica
- Puccinia smilacearum-festucae
- Puccinia solidipes
- Puccinia sonorae
- Puccinia sonorica
- Puccinia spegazziniana
- Puccinia spegazzinii
- Puccinia sphenica
- Puccinia sporoboli
- Puccinia stenotaphri
- Puccinia stipae
- Puccinia stromatifera
- Puccinia subdecora
- Puccinia subglobosa
- Puccinia sublesta
- Puccinia substerilis
- Puccinia substriata
- Puccinia subtilipes
- Puccinia suksdorfii
- Puccinia tageticola
- Puccinia taiwaniana
- Puccinia tarri
- Puccinia tenella
- Puccinia tenuis
- Puccinia thiensis
- Puccinia tolimensis
- Puccinia tomipara
- Puccinia tornata
- Puccinia torosa
- Puccinia trebouxii
- Puccinia tripsacicola
- Puccinia triseticola
- Puccinia tristachyae
- Puccinia trixitis
- Puccinia tsinlingensis
- Puccinia turgidipes
- Puccinia unica
- Puccinia vaga
- Puccinia vallartensis
- Puccinia verbesinae
- Puccinia versicolor
- Puccinia vexans
- Puccinia viatica
- Puccinia vilfae
- Puccinia virgata
- Puccinia eh
- Puccinia windsoriae
- Puccinia wolgensis
- Puccinia xanthosperma
- Puccinia ximenesiae
- Puccinia zaluzaniae
- Puccinia zexmeniae
- Puccinia zoysiae
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI, Wallingford 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 , pp. 576 .
- ↑ a b Forst.TU-München.de: Wood diseases - Barberry - Berberis vulgaris L. Rost (grain rust) ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Spektrum.de: Compact Lexicon of Biology - Uredinales
- ↑ agrarservice.de: Rust diseases of the grain ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.