Rat coronavirus

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Rat coronavirus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Nidovirals
Subordination : Cornidovirineae
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Coronavirinae
Genre : Beta coronavirus
Subgenus : Embecovirus
Type : Murine coronavirus
Subspecies : Rat coronavirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Council coronavirus
Short name
RtCoV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 31632
ICTV Taxon History: 201851865
ICTVdB Virus Code : 03.019.0.01.011

The rat coronavirus is a subspecies (subspecies) of viruses of the genus Betacoronavirus that occurs only in pet rats that are kept in research facilities for experimental purposes . The rat coronavirus causes acute inflammation of the respiratory tract, called sialodacryoadenitis, with inflammation of the salivary glands ( sialo ), lacrimal glands ( dacryo ) and lymph nodes ( adeno ) in these animals . The virus species was also formerly known as rat sialodacryoadenitis virus or sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV).

morphology

The virions of the RtCoV are irregular to round and about 120 to 160 nm in size. In the virus envelope there are typical peplomers , about 12 to 24 nm long . They can not be distinguished morphologically from other members of the genus Coronavirus under the electron microscope .

Genome

The genome of the rat coronavirus consists of a single, linear strand of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity (+ ssRNA) that is approximately 27 to 33 kb long. At the 5 'end of the genome has a 5' cap structure and 3 'end a poly-A tail . The sequence of the RtCoV is very similar to the genome of the mouse hepatitis virus (same species). The RtCoV has a short nucleotide motif (UCUAAAC) that is associated with the formation of subgenomic RNA in other viruses .

Biological importance

The RtCoV is highly contagious and spreads quickly within an animal population through droplet and smear infection . The infection can also be transmitted by rats which are not diseased but which excrete the virus. After an incubation period of a few days, the symptoms begin with a flow of secretions from the nose, increased flow of tears and swelling of the neck area. This is followed by edema of the neck and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the neck area and the salivary glands. Bleeding into the anterior chamber and ulcers on the cornea can occur. Secondary bacterial infections often occur, especially with Mycoplasma pulmonis. RtCoV can increase the infection with M. pulmonis depending on the time of infection. The RtCoV also replicates in alveolar cells and then causes interstitial pneumonia . The mortality of the disease depends on the bacterial secondary infections; an infection with RtCoV alone rarely leads to death and is self-limiting.

The infection with RtCoV in pet rats in the laboratory is a significant problem when the animals are used in research, since even surviving rats may no longer be used for evaluating results due to changes in the conditions or antibiotic treatment of the secondary infections.

Systematics

  • Genus Betacoronavirus
  • Subgenus Embecovirus
  • Species Murine Coronavirus
  • Rat coronavirus subspecies
  • Sialodacryoadenitis virus subtype
  • Rat coronavirus subtype (strain NJ)
  • Subtype rat coronavirus (strain 681)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Taxonomy history: Betacoronavirus, ICTV Master Species List 2018b, MSL # 34. February 2019, accessed February 1, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ D. Yoo et al .: Primary Structure of the Sialodacryoadenitis Virus Genome: Sequence of the Structural-Protein Region and Its Application for Differential Diagnosis . Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. (2000) 7 (4): pp. 568–573 PMC 95915 (free full text)
  4. ↑ David G. Baker: Natural Pathogens of Laboratory Mice, Rats, and Rabbits and Their Effects on Research . Clin. Microbiol Rev. (1998) 11 (2): pp. 231–266 (Review) PMID 9564563 , PMC 106832 (free full text)
  5. ↑ MK Schunk et al .: Effect of time of exposure to rat coronavirus and Mycoplasma pulmonis on respiratory tract lesions in the Wistar rat. Can. J. Vet. Res. (1995) 59: pp. 60-66 PMID 7704844
  6. ↑ TA Miura et al .: Rat coronaviruses infect rat alveolar type I epithelial cells and induce expression of CXC chemokines . Virology (2007) 20; 369 (2): pp. 288-298 PMID 17804032 , PMC 2170429 (free full text)

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