Shaft house

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Former shaft house of the Wallfisch colliery .

A pit house , even the shaft house or pit building , formerly Schachtkaue called, is a building which in mining and tunnel construction above ground was built over the well's mouth and used for different purposes. Shaft houses were the predecessor structures of the Malakow Towers .

Basics and history

The Göpelhaus with the pointed roof can be seen in the background of the Göpel conveyor system, the shaft house in the foreground.

Already in the early ore mining a small hut, the Haspelkaue, was built above the hand reel , which was located above the shaft . The rule in German ore mining was:

"Above every shaft, it may be more or less considerable, a shaft house or at least a hut must be built so that it is protected from falling rain and snow."

- Veith 1871

Out of this tradition, shaft houses were later also used in German hard coal mining. In the English and partly in French mining, shaft houses were hardly used, here the rope sheave frames were freely set up. As the depth went down, instead of using the reel, the Göpel was used for pumping the shaft . After the steam engine could also be used for shaft conveyance at the beginning of the 19th century, it was also possible to convey larger loads through the shaft. As a result, the shaft buildings had to be built ever larger and more massive. In order to have all the machines and technical equipment required for the extraction near the shaft, additional buildings were added to the shaft house, so that entire shaft houses were created. Out of the endeavor to combine all technical facilities in one building, and out of the need to build the shaft houses ever higher and more massive, fortress-like shaft towers with battlements, the Malakow towers, emerged in the 19th century.

Structure and use

The first shaft houses were made of wood. The size and type of the shaft houses were based on the dimensions of the shaft. In the Göpel systems, they were built close to the Göpelhaus and constructed in such a way that they covered the sheave frame on three sides and upwards, only the area to the Göpel remained open. Another possibility was to combine Göpelhaus and Schachthaus in a gable roof. With both construction methods it was ensured that the groom could look at the hanging bench and thus had eye contact with the faller. The miners working there were protected from wind and weather by the shaft house . In addition, these shaft houses were also used to temporarily store the mined ores until further processing.

The pulley frames were also made of wood for the first conveyor systems. The use of the steam engine made a different construction method and other building materials necessary, as the simple wooden construction could not withstand the loads. In addition, due to the fact that the steam-driven hoisting machines had become faster , it was also necessary to move the sheaves higher. A modified method of construction were masonry shaft houses with wooden scaffolding as fixtures. The scaffolding was often reinforced with iron fittings. Bricks, sandstone blocks or rubble stones were used as building material for the shaft houses. The buildings were often built in the shape of a house. The brick outer walls were used as an abutment for the wooden beams of the pulley frame. In this way, all the impacts of the funding on the building were diverted. Due to the horizontal thrust, this type of construction requires enormous wall thicknesses. The wall thickness of these shaft houses is up to 1.5 meters. Despite this wall thickness, the shaft houses swayed as a result of the load from the mining. These fluctuations were so great that staying on the sheave platform during the conveyance was associated with great danger.

In a further construction, the guide frames were made of profile steel. The scaffolding was braced against the masonry of the shaft house. The sheaves were shifted to double-T girders , which were attached to the steel guide frame on one side and shifted into the masonry on the other side. The advantage of this construction was that the masonry in the upper part of the building could be built with a smaller thickness. The load is transferred to the lower part of the masonry via the strut.

Shaft houses

Shaft complex of the Alte Elisabeth mine in Freiberg.

In the second half of the 19th century, efforts by the mine operators were to design the systems in such a way that all daytime systems required for mine operation , such as the dewatering machine, the hoisting machine and the boiler house, were attached to the shaft house. This was primarily due to the fact that the mine area above ground was to be built as space-saving as possible. In addition, the steam engines of that time, being low-pressure machines, were not suitable for conveying their steam from the boilers to the machines via lines that were not insulated for a long time. For these reasons, the individual buildings were built onto the shaft house in different ways. In addition to these buildings, other buildings for the forge and the cutting room were also built as required . In addition, offices were set up for the risers as well as lounges for the slingers and the conveyor machinists in the existing rooms of the existing buildings that were not required for other purposes. Depending on the form in which the buildings were built next to one another, the respective shaft house system is referred to as a central type or an angle type. In the central type, the shaft house forms the center of the entire building complex. In some systems, the shaft house and the machine house form a unit. The outbuildings such as the forge, chow , magazine and workshop are attached to the side of the shaft house. With the angle type, the buildings for the water drainage and the hoisting machine house are offset by 90 ° to the shaft house. The hoisting rope is either covered between the hoisting machine and the shaft house or it is left without a roof.

Examples of shaft houses

  • Red mine shaft house (photo 1928)

  • Schachthaus des Abrahamschachtes der Himmelfahrt Treasury Freiberg

  • Shaft house of the pit "Oberes Neues Geschrei" Halsbrücke

  • Shaft building of the God Blessing Shaft in 2010

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  2. ^ A b c Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon. Alphabetical explanation of all work occurring in mining and metallurgy - tools and artificial words, second volume, MZ, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
  3. ^ A b c Gustav Adolf Wüstenfeld: Early sites of the Ruhr mining industry. Monograph on the history of the Ruhr area, Gustav Adolf Wüstenfeld-Verlag, Wetter-Wengern 1975, ISBN 3-922014-01-1 , pp. 14, 46.
  4. ↑ a b c Franz Rziha: Textbook of the entire art of tunneling. First volume, published by Ernst & Korn, Berlin 1867, pp. 310, 311, 329, 333–336.
  5. ^ A b c Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Hrsg.): Rammelsberg daily facilities. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2008, pp. 15–17.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Walter Buschmann: Collieries and coking plants in the Rhenish coal industry, Aachen district and western Ruhr area. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-7861-1963-5 , pp. 39-49.
  7. ↑ a b Herbert Pforr: Saxon miners and smelters in their working world. 1st edition, Sutton Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-9540-0486-7 , p. 11.
  8. ↑ a b c d Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund: The Development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Coal Mining in the Second Half of the 19th Century. Volume VIII: Disposition of the daytime systems-steam generation-central condensation-air compressors-electrical central units. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg / Berlin 1905, pp. 4, 5, 18–21, 30, 31.
  9. ^ Julius, Ritter von Hauer: The conveyors of the mines. Verlag von Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1874, pp. 258–260.
  10. ^ District Administrator Recklinghausen (ed.): Contributions to the 132-year history of hard coal mining in Recklinghausen. Kreishausdruck, Recklinghausen 2001, pp. 65-66.
  11. ↑ a b c Joachim Huske: The hard coal mining in the Ruhr area from its beginnings to the year 2000. 2nd edition, Regio-Verlag Peter Voß, Werne, 2001, ISBN 3-929158-12-4 , p. 81.
  12. ↑ Christoph Traugott Delius: Instructions for the art of mining. According to their theory and practice - along with a treatise on the principles of mining camera science for the Imperial and Royal Schemnitz Mining Academy, first volume, printed at the expense of the highest Ærarii by Joh. Thomas Edlen v. Trattern KK court book printers and booksellers, Vienna 1773, p. 201.
  13. ^ A b Julius, Ritter von Hauer: The conveyors of the mines. Published by Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1871, p. 212.
  14. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 218–219.
  15. ↑ a b A. Eichenauer: The pulley frames of the mine conveyor systems. Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1877, pp. 1–3.
  16. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Second improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 414, 415.
  17. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 466–468.
  18. ^ P. Rittinger: Experience in mining and metallurgy machine, construction and processing. Born in 1861, published by Friedrich Manz, Vienna 1862, pp. 466–468.
  19. ↑ Amadee Burat, Carl Hartmann: The material of hard coal mining. Description of the opencast buildings - the apparatus and machines which are used for the extraction and extraction of coal, Verlag von August Schnee, Brussels and Leipzig 1861, pp. 147–167.