Swiss troops in Genoese service
Eight Swiss troops in Genoese service have supported the aristocratic republic on the Ligurian coast since 1575. A Swiss guard secured the gates of the capital Genoa , and other Swiss troops were involved in the assertion of the mainland territory and the island of Corsica until the annexation of the Republic of Genoa by France in 1797 .
Swiss troops in foreign service was the name of the paid service of commanded, whole troop bodies abroad, regulated by the authorities of the Swiss Confederation by international treaties .
These treaties contained a chapter regulating military affairs: the so-called surrender (or private surrender if one of the contracting parties was a private military contractor).
Overview of the Swiss troops in Genoese service
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genoa's fleet travels long distances
The Republic of Genoa (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Genova , "most serene Republic of Genoa") was a colonial power and one of the four great maritime republics of Italy.
The transport services of the Genoese merchants with their fleet of ships for the crusades lay at the beginning of the development of their extensive trade network.
Bases on the African Atlantic coast, sea routes to England and Flanders as well as trading stations and colonies in the western and eastern Mediterranean , in the Aegean , Black and Azov Seas enabled the Republic of Genoa to experience an extraordinary economic boom in the 12th and 13th centuries. The most important trade products were grain from the Black Sea region and slaves from there and from North Africa.
The luxury product silk followed in the 14th century on the Silk Road , however, the Black Death , the approximately cost one third of the European population lives. At the end of the 15th century, however, it was tellingly a navigator from Genoa, Christopher Columbus , who opened up the sea route to the American continent in Spanish service .
The rather limited own territory made soldiers and rowers a bottleneck for his widespread activities. The Republic of Genoa therefore also became a wealthy buyer of mercenaries, troops and galley convicts for the Confederates .
Inner conflicts accelerate the decline
By the end of the 15th century, practically all colonies were lost, with the exception of Corsica, which was mercilessly exploited by the Genoese. One of the reasons was, despite the great economic successes and (perhaps precisely because of) the growing wealth, the inner quarrels of Genoa and its elites. Party struggles, sometimes quite bloody, between the citizens and the nobility as well as between their factions repeatedly shook the social order and led the city , which had actually been independent of the Roman Empire since the 10th century, repeatedly depending on external powers, mostly the King of France or the dukes from Milan.
So also in 1547, less than two decades after Andrea Doria had detached the Republic of Genoa from France, reformed it and placed it under the protection of the Roman emperor, the Fieschi brothers tried to overturn the bike of Doge Andrea Doria and his nephew Gianettino Doria, who was there was stabbed to turn back run genoa. But unsuccessful: Giovanni Luigi drowned in the action, Girolamo was captured and executed and Ottobuono de Freschi later seized and drowned.
However, the event led to the fact that in 1555 the Doge Agostino Pinello Ardimenti hired a guard of German mercenaries to protect his palace ( Palazzo Ducale ) and his authorities as well as the main gate in the west of the city of Genoa (Thomastor, Italian: Porta San Tommaso ) , which later was also used in the suppression of the uprisings in Corsica.
Genoa also increased the number of its up to now 500 men strong standing army, consisting of Italian and Corsican mercenaries, until 1591 with further recruits from German-speaking countries up to 900 men (500 German-speakers, 300 Italians and 100 Corsicans).
Correspondence was also carried out with federal locations: Chur, Geneva, Bern, Friborg and Lucerne (as a suburb of the Catholic cantons). In 1575 a company from Freiburg is said to have been in Genoese service.
.jpg)
| Name, duration of use |
(1 gen ) Freikompanie Freiburg? 1575 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
k. A. | |
| Stock, formation |
k. A. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
k. A., Freiburg? | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
k. A. | |
| Use, events |
k. A., only one source mentions the troop, but without further details. | |
Some of the federal correspondence may also have concerned the galley fines.
Especially after the battle of Lepanto in 1571, the importance of the rowed galley as a merchant and warship increased, and the need for rowers increased sharply. A year earlier, Genoa, which was confronted with large maritime activities but had its own small recruiting territory, had sent a recruiting mission to southern Germany in search of healthy and strong prisoners.
For the cantons, the galley penalty was a cost-effective, even profitable measure for the deportation of vagabonds and the execution of sentences for serious criminals.
Combat troops to claim the territory
The unsuccessful coup d'état by Duke Karl Emanuel I of Savoy in 1602 on the city of Geneva aroused the concern of the Serenissima government that Genoa could also come into the Savoyard focus.
The hundred Italian mercenaries of Captain Giorgio Alvini who secured the eastern main gate of the city (Stefanstor, Italian: Porta Santo Stefano ) were classified as a security risk and should be replaced by a company from Freiburg. In addition, the standing army was more than doubled to 2,000 men.
However, these troops were all stationary.
In order to have mobile military forces at their disposal, local territorial militias were first resorted to and finally a kind of compulsory service was introduced on the mainland territory, which ultimately had to be replaced by associations of volunteers.
| Name, duration of use |
(2 gen ) Swiss Guard 1609–1797 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
In 1609, after lengthy and thorough negotiations, the patrician Andrea Spinola signed a contract with the authorities of the Catholic canton of Friborg on behalf of the Republic of Genoa.
The Swiss Guard had to replace the Italian unit at the Stefanstor and annually renew the oath to the Republic of Genoa and for use in the city, on the mainland territory and in Corsica. The surrender also included 26 articles on the judicial system of the Swiss Guard. The judge and his assistants should judge impartially and without distinction of person. For cursing against God, Jesus, the Virgin Mary or other saints and for non-compliance with the duty to confess, for example, there was a risk of dismissal; the galley penalty for offenses of any kind, desertion and neglect of duty; Severe penalties for leaving accommodation, unauthorized removal from the troops, riot, drunkenness, harassment of local residents, offenses against comrades, neglect of weapons and ammunition. 1622, surrender renewed and adapted. |
|
| Stock, formation |
1609: Company of 100 men, consisting of a captain with personal orderly, ensign, field maid, chaplain, professor, judge, surgeon, drum, whistler, 4 corporals, 18 pikemen and 70 riflemen. 1622: Company of 250 men, consisting of a captain with a personal orderly, ensign, military officer, chaplain, clerk (with knowledge of Italian), professor, judge, surgeon, 4 drums, 4 whistlers, 1 corporal, 40 pikemen, 12 halberdiers and 160 musketeers . |
|
| Origin squad, troop |
Catholic citizens of Freiburg with a German mother tongue. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1609 Baron Bartolomé de Reynold, 1633 Captain Nicolas de Diesbach, 1635–1643 Captain Rodolphe de Weck, 1686 Captain Christian von Montenach. | |
| Use, events |
The Swiss Guard took over the guard at the Stefanstor in July 1609. The detached Italian unit was dissolved. Six years later, the deployment order was also extended to the gates Acquasola, Fontana Amorosa and Carbonara as well as to the fortress Castelletto and the number was increased to 200 men. In 1622 the stock was expanded to 250 men, the armament improved (the musket replaced the hook box) and the range of use expanded (also used on waters, but expressly not against confederates or their allies). A decade later, in 1633, during the Thirty Years' War , the Bündner and Veltliner turmoil caused concern in the Confederation. When imperial and Swedish troops threatened the border, Friborg recalled the Swiss Guard. However, the measure was ultimately waived on their unanimous and sustained objection. In 1643 the guards had grown to 480 men, of which 250 men were deployed in Genoa at the gates, 130 men in Novi (today: Novi Ligure) and 50 men each in the fortresses of Savona and Gavi. In 1655, during the First Villmerger War , preparations for the return home were well advanced when the end of the war in 1556 made the recall order invalid. The simultaneous offer from Uri and Ticino to strengthen the detachments of the Guard on the mainland outside the city of Genoa with 150 men was diplomatically but unequivocally rejected by Genoa's authorities. In 1686, Captain Christian von Montenach renewed the surrender. In 1737 the Montenach company (apparently the Swiss Guard in Genoa was now firmly in the hands of this family) consisted of only a quarter of Friborg and a third of other Swiss. The rest came from other German-speaking countries and even from the Balkans or Sweden. In 1748 a detachment of the Montenach company was stationed on the Corsican island of Capraia. In 1779 the Swiss Guard still existed. It was probably dissolved in 1797 when the Napoleonic troops marched in. |
|
In 1625 there was a military confrontation between Savoy and Genoa. His request in Freiburg for an additional two companies of 300 men each was refused. On the other hand, Unterwalden delivered an auxiliary corps.
| Name, duration of use |
(3 gen ) Auxiliary Corps Müller 1625 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1625, private capitulation by Sebastian Müller from Unterwalden. | |
| Stock, formation |
Auxiliary corps of 300 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
k. A., Unterwalden? | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Sebastian Müller from Unterwalden. | |
| Use, events |
k. A., only one source mentions the troop, but without further details. Probably in action for Genoa against Savoy. | |
The war ended with the defeat of Genoa. Last but not least, the voluntary Genoese troops were no match for the professional Savoy army. This caused Genoa to return to the standing soldiers, whose number has now been increased to 13,000 men. Due to the latent danger of war and despite tense finances, it had to be maintained until 1634, until the peace treaty with Savoy allowed the reduction to 4,000 men on the mainland and 500 men in Corsica.
A decade later, only 2,500 men were sufficient for Genoa, the mainland and the galleys, who were also deployed in Corsica in a rotation, known as “muta”.
It was different in 1672, when the war with Savoy, or in 1729, when the rebellion broke out in Corsica . The stocks were increased again and Swiss troops appeared again: this time from the canton of Graubünden.
| Name, duration of use |
(4th gen ) Regiment Planta 1672 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1672, private capitulation of Peter Planta from Zuoz with the Republic of Genoa. | |
| Stock, formation |
Regiment of 1,500 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
k. A. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Peter Planta from Zuoz and Sent. | |
| Use, events |
Use for Genoa against Savoy. | |
| Name, duration of use |
(5 gen ) Auxiliary Corps Morettini 1731–1737 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1731, Giovanni Philippo Morettini (son of the director of the Genoese fortresses and builder of the Urnerloch in the Schöllenen, Pietro Morettini , who came from Ticino ) raised an auxiliary corps. The Graubünden authorities had not yet officially approved the surrender in 1737, despite requests from Doge Nicolò Cattaneo and the Genoese authorities. | |
| Stock, formation |
3 companies of 150 men each. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Protestant Grisons. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
The three companies were led by Captain Rudolf Anton Jost from Zizers (Landammann of the Court of the Four Villages, with an imperial knighthood by Charles VI with the addition of "von St. Jörgen"), Captain Christian Jenatsch and Captain Ragnet Abys. | |
| Use, events |
The passage of the recruited through the Austrian Lombardy was hindered, sometimes even with attempts to poach them. Tour groups of a maximum of 25 men were allowed, which were inspected for the first time in Novi and a second time in Genoa at the Thomastor.
(In Genoa, recruits for other powers were also gathered at the same time. A strict control regime therefore prevailed: those dug out for Naples or Spain were guarded without weapons and in separate meeting rooms until their ships left.) Captain Abys seems to have quickly fallen out of favor. The Graubünden authorities were also involved in his dispute with the Doge over compensation. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(6 gen ) Planta company 1731–1737 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1731, private surrender of Peter Planta with the Republic of Genoa. | |
| Stock, formation |
Company of 150 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Protestant Grisons. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Captain Peter Planta of?. | |
| Use, events |
Planta does not seem to have prevailed and even to have entered other services contrary to the contract. | |
The events in Corsica finally triggered a profound reorganization of the navy and armed forces of the Serenissima.
The command structure was streamlined to 10 battalions: 6 battalions with Italian mercenaries, 2 battalions with Corsicans, 1 ennetbirgisches (Italian: oltramontano ) battalion (around one third made up of Swiss) and 1 battalion from Graubünden (Jost). Each battalion received a battalion treasury with an inspector and a board of directors, consisting of the colonel, the Feldweibel and the captains (with keys from the colonel and the two oldest captains).
| Name, duration of use |
(7 gen ) Jost battalion also: Graubünden battalion 1738–1753 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1738, private capitulation of Rudolf Anton Jost from Zizers with the Republic of Genoa. | |
| Stock, formation |
Battalion of 600 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
Formed from the Morettini Auxiliary Corps and Planta Company. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Colonel Rudolf Anton Jost from Zizers (Landammann of the Court of the Four Villages, with an imperial knighthood by Charles VI with the addition of "von St. Jörgen"). | |
| Use, events |
The Jost battalion was initially stationed in Corsica with 2 companies in Bastia and 1 company each in Ajaccio and Bonifacio.
The battalion consisted only partially of Graubünden. In 1739, for example, 97 of the 230 new recruits came from Switzerland, only 5 of them from Graubünden. In 1741 there were 855 men: the Jost company 230 men, Kinich 228, Schmid 187 and Janett 210. Of these, the following were stationed in Bastia: Jost 195 men and Kinich 212; in the garrison of Ajaccio: Janett 96; in the Bonifacio garrison: Schmid 99 and Janett 25. In 1744 the Jost battalion was withdrawn from Corsica, relocated to the mainland and released in 1753. In 1754, Colonel Jost was still fighting with the support of the Graubünden authorities to settle outstanding balances in Genoa. Captain Stephan Kinich was promoted to colonel in the same year and was compensated with the command of the Italian battalion Varenne. |
|
According to the Treaty of Aranjuez in 1745, in which Spain, France and Naples agreed to support Genoa against Savoy and Austria, the Serenissima had to provide 10,000 auxiliary troops. It was burdened with the war debts from the Austrian War of Succession and the fighting in Corsica, financially, organizationally and logistically overwhelmed, which explains some of the problems of the commanders of the Swiss troops.
In 1756 France, Genoa, finally decided to maintain its neutrality and Corsica to finance a new Ennet mountain regiment.
| Name, duration of use |
(8th gen ) Janett Regiment 1757–1797 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1756, Republic of Genoa with Graubünden's ten-court federation, at the request and account of France's Louis XV. | |
| Stock, formation |
Regiment of 1200 men in 8 companies. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From Graubünden. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1757: Colonel Georg Janett from Bergün, with his staff from Lieutenant Colonel Jenatsch from Davos, Major Stefan von Salis from Malans and Captain Johannes Loretz from Chur as quartermaster.
Company owners: 1 Colonella, 2 Tenente Colonella, 3 De Ott, 4 Pestalozza (and Stuppani), 5 Janett and Salis-Bothmar, 6 Albertini and spokesperson, 7 De Mont and Gabriel, 8 Stampa and spokesperson. Of the company commanders, only Captain Schreiber from Bonaduz is known, who, against the will of the company owners concerned, was deployed by Colonel Janett over the 7th Company. Subsequent regimental commanders: Jenatsch (1557–1765), Koennich (1765–1771), Thouard (1771–1797). |
|
| Use, events |
Georg Janett, capable farmer's son from Bergün, who had risen to major in Austrian service, brought this regimental command no luck:
First, he was no match for the shrewd Genoese merchants. They were primarily interested in the monthly payments from France for the entire regiment, but they were in no hurry to build it up. Through embarrassingly strict decommissioning, they were able to continually delay recruiting and make it more expensive. They refused to pay out the accrued advertising money and only granted the remaining advances against bail, which further slowed down the replenishment of the stocks. In the end, they brazenly put Janett under pressure with the delay they had caused and forced him to change his surrender, which was disadvantageous for him. Second, his quick temper played an ultimately fatal trick on him. During the quarrel he slapped his equally uncontrollable Major von Salis, who later stabbed him with a sword in a veritable duel on the open street in Genoa and finally killed himself while in custody by jumping out of the window. The subsequent regimental commander Jenatsch had to complain about desertions. In 1758 he lost 22 men in a single month. He was garrisoned with his regiment in Bastia. In 1768, when Corsica passed to France under the Treaty of Versailles , the remnants of the regiment became the guard battalion of the Doge's Palace in Genoa. In 1797 the Republic of Genoa was annexed by France's Napoleonic troops and became a French subsidiary of the Ligurian Republic . The Doge of Genoa had had its day. |
|
It was also the end of all Swiss troops in Genoese service.
bibliography
- Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historical-Biographical Lexicon of Switzerland. Fourth volume. Neuchâtel 1927, OCLC 899085687 .
- Paolo Giacomone Piana, Riccardo Dellepiane: Militarium. Brigati Editore, Genova 2004, OCLC 1004342369 .
- Emiliano Beri: Genova ed il suo Regno, ordinamenti militari, poteri locali e controllo del territorio in Corsica fra insurrezioni e guerre civili (1729-1768). Tesi di Dottorato in Storia, Università degli Studi, Genova 2010, OCLC 919706522 .
- Luca Codignola, Elisabetta Tonizzi: The Swiss Community in Genoa from the Old Regime to the late Nineteenth Century. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, XIII, Berlin 2008, OCLC 6896088400 .
- Angelo Terenzoni: I Militari Svizzeri al servizio della Repubblica di Genova. Presentazione al convegno Le alabarda, La Repubblica di Genova, La Guardia Svizzera e non solo, Biblioteca Berio, Genova 2010.
- Louis Carlen: The galley penalty in Switzerland. Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, OCLC 863300018 .
- Antonio Parente: Quando il carcere era galera ed i bagni erano penali. Rassegna Penitenzaria e Criminologia, Rome 2004.
See also
Web links
- The 1771 naval battle of Lepanto on YouTube
- Via XX Settembre (Italian)
- Taddeo Carlone (Italian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Louis Carlen: The galley penalty in Switzerland. Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 1976.
- ↑ Among the most powerful families were the Doria and Spinola (both supported the emperor in conflicts with the Pope), the Fieschi (based on the Kingdom of Naples), the Grimaldi (still rule Monaco today, like the Fieschi supported the Pope) and the Cattaneo, Centurione, Di Negro, Giustiniani, Grillo, Imperiali, Lercari, Negrone, Pallavicino.
- ^ A b c d e f Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Fourth volume. Neuchâtel 1927.
- ↑ Louis Carlen: Schwyz and the galley penalty. In: The history friend. Announcements of the Historical Association of Central Switzerland, Volume 135, Schwyz 1982.
- ↑ The galley was not replaced by the sailing ship in ship technology until the 18th century (last sea battle with galleys between Russians and Turks in 1770 near Cesme ). The demand of the sea powers led to a real human trafficking for rowers. France, with the takeover location in Solothurn, was in the best position in Switzerland in terms of costs. Venice (Bergamo), Savoy (Thonon) and Spain (Genoa) were also within reach of the Confederates.
-
↑ The galley was a 40 to 50 meter long, five to eight meter wide, slim and elegant ship with a Latin triangular sail that could be driven in the wind. With the rudder drive, she was always clear, fast and agile. For centuries it was the standard “workhorse” at sea for trade and the military. The military version could have a ram at the bow.
The rowing team was a three-class society of volunteers, conscripts and convicts. The latter in particular had an inexorably hard lot to bear. The galley sentence ranged from six years to life and was usually associated with the loss of civil rights.
The light galley (Italian: Galera sottile ) had 164 rowers, the large galley (Italian: Galera grossa or Galeazza ) up to 288 men and carried up to 200 or 500 men with the combat troops on board. The galley convicts sat chained and forged together in twos on 26 to 30 row benches separated by a narrow walkway. Three to four men moved a rudder blade 11 to 13 meters long and weighing around 60 kilograms. The open deck of the ship was both living and working space. Malnutrition (soup, bread, biscuits and water), exhaustion and diseases ( typhoid , cholera , plague , scurvy and scabies ) as well as drowning when the ship was damaged during the war led to a high death rate of 60 to 70%.
Thomas Platter , who later became a Basel professor, describes his depressing observations in the port of Marseille in 1597 in his description of the trips through France, Spain, England and the Netherlands (1595–1600) as follows:“ As we got in, we went right into the middle of a wide dile bit in front of the gallery; true such a roar and rumor with chains and screams, as when someone was in a weir, because a lot of people were forging. I counted 31 on each page, making 62 benches everywhere; So there was a lot of rudder on both sides and every rudder, when to drive hard, ettwan five or four prisoners, clinged to eysene chains from all over the world. [...] It is common to have two and two tied up with large, eyecatching chains, and if someone wanted to tear out ettwan by covering ettwan the kettlin with a long skirt or otherwise losing it, as no handyman darff Open it, to be more secure, you put a heavy, egg-shaped ring around your neck and an egg-shaped rod, ettwan two span long, upright over your head on doran, domitt he doesn't cover the ring with a coat, like I don't know yours so have seen. When you want to see what human nature can reveal, you want to be careful about being too sensitive. then, first of all, they are only fed with biscuit, a thin, hard, double-baked bread, usually moldy from unclean fruit, which they soak in water so that they can bite it; ettwan meat is served to them once or twice a week, otherwise few other dishes that are good for something. [...] They get so bad with each other that no büberey is too big for them, and they are generally very bad at all. When you measure rowing on the sea, you are bite to the soft bare blood, and there is a man in front and behind on the gallery, who has a little whistle and all the same signs with which to turn; when the prisoners soon follow the sign that they are poorly touched with lids - they are as flat as ripening sticks - over the head and jerk that the blood spurts out, and sometimes in great need to scare others, hauwet you ettwan a glidt away from your body. Then the two have generally been smitten with them for a long time, and there is no mercy with them. »
-
↑ The galley penalty was used in the penal system mainly in the following cases:
- Vagabonds and beggars became a real nuisance in the 16th century, with strong population growth and an underdeveloped economy. Strange beggars, bad guys and vagrants were therefore caught by so-called "Landjegis", also by private contractors (for example in 1642 in Bern by Hans Rudolf Zurkirchen), and mostly sold on the galleys without proper procedures or through announced begging hunts (1700 in Bern, Basel, Freiburg and Solothurn) in neighboring areas;
- As a pardon to the death penalty;
- Violent crimes (murder, robbery, rape), but also theft, breach of peace or oath, return from exile, carrying a sharp knife or rifle, excessive drinking of wine or even cursing;
- The preservation of faith: in Bern and Zurich, Anabaptists were relentlessly punished with the galley penalty;
- In the military criminal law of troops in foreign service, such as desertion, sleeping on the guard and leaving the guard post;
- As an effective threat in the case of suspended sentences.
-
↑ The Stefanstor (Italian: Porta Santo Stefano , also: Porta del Arco or Porta delle Archi ), with its mighty Doric columns made of travertine marble and Saint Stephen in the niche above, built into the city wall by Taddeo Carlone from 1553, had to be built in 1890 the Via XX Settembre of the monumental bridge (Italian: Ponte Monumentale ) give way. It was moved and rebuilt in Via Banderali.
Via XX Settembre with Ponte Monumentale and Church of Santo Stefano (Photo by Alain Rouiller ) - ↑ a b c d Angelo Terenzoni: I Militari Svizzeri al servizio della Repubblica di Genova. Presentazione al convegno Le alabarda, La Repubblica di Genova, La Guardia Svizzera e non solo, Biblioteca Berio, Genova 2010.
- ↑ Nicolas Willemin: Reynold, de (from). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Ulrich Moser: Diesbach, de (from). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Hervé de Weck: Weck, Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b Stefan Jäggi: Montenach, von (de Montagny). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Anselm Zurfluh: Thirty Years War. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c d e Luca Codignola, Elisabetta Tonizzi: The Swiss Community in Genoa from the Old Regime to the late Nineteenth Century. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, XIII, Berlin 2008.
- ↑ a b c d Emiliano Beri: Genova ed il suo Regno, ordinamenti militari, poteri locali e controllo del territorio in Corsica fra insurrezioni e guerre civili (1729–1768). Tesi di Dottorato in Storia, Università degli Studi, Genova 2010.
- ^ Marianne Bauer: Genoa. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Felici Maissen: The Bündner Regiment Planta and the Spanish campaign against Portugal in 1665. In: Bündner monthly newspaper, magazine for Bündner history, regional studies and building culture. 1971.
- ↑ Hansjürg Gredig: Planta, Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c State Archives Graubünden, regional data 1731–1759.
- ^ Marino Viganò: Morettini, Pietro. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Jürg Simonett: Abys. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Guido von Salis-Seewis: The Bündner Regiment Janett in Genoese service 1757. In: Bündnerisches monthly newspaper, magazine for Bündnerische Geschichte, Landes- und Volkskunde, issue 8. 1936.
- ↑ Mirko Corarze: L'Esercito Genovese (1700). In: InStoria , rivista online di storia & informazione (periodico mensile). Retrieved August 31, 2016.
.jpg)