Segolatum

Segol

A segolatum (plural segolata , Hebrew משקל סגולי mischqal segoli ) is a Hebrew noun in which an unstressed sprout vowel appears between two consonants at the end of the word, so that the word in its basic form is stressed on the penultimate syllable. In the vocalized Hebrew script, this vowel is in most cases an e-sound represented by the sign Segol, from which the Hebrew-Latin word Segolatum (for example: "Segolized", "Segolated") was derived.

In the narrower sense of the word, Segolatum denotes a noun (in addition to a handful of prepositions and numerals ) with a word root made up of three consonants , which in an earlier form only had a short vowel between the first and second root consonant, but no vowel between the second and third. This form is still preserved in related Arabic words in many cases . An unstressed vowel has been inserted between the two posterior root consonants.

In a broader sense, the term segolatum is often used when such a scion vowel does not appear in a noun between the second and third root consonant, but between the third root consonant and an ending that consists of a single consonant. The last three consonants with the vowels in between then have the same vowel and stress pattern as in a segolatum in the narrower sense, even if these three consonants do not form the root of the word.

The Segolata from Biblical Hebrew have been largely adopted into modern Hebrew , with all the inflections. Insofar as new Segolata emerged in post-biblical times, especially with the revival of the Hebrew language since the end of the 19th century, these have followed the same principles as the existing ones. So the content of this article applies equally to Biblical and modern Hebrew. The examples are notated according to modern phonetics in a greatly simplified and therefore easier to read notation. Where finer differences are important, especially with the various vowel signs, these are added in brackets. Readers who are not familiar with the Hebrew script, including its vowel marks, can skip the addition of brackets without missing anything that is essential for them.

Characteristic properties of Segolata

Segolata is characterized by:

After the last two vowels there is exactly one consonant and the penultimate syllable is stressed.
The vocalized Hebrew spelling has one of the patterns listed in the Segolat forms section as the result of a segolat formation.

Any noun that has one of these characteristics in its basic form is a segolatum. So one can recognize Segolata in the vocalized Hebrew spelling and then infer the stress. You cannot do this from the unvocalized spelling or from a transcription .

Segolata are only formed from Semitic roots. Borrowed words may have a double consonance at the end of the word, e.g. B.נרד nerd , German 'nard' ,אזמרגד ismaragd , German 'emerald' ,קונצרט concert ,סטודנט student , the first of which appears in the Hebrew Bible . Purely morphological Segolata can also be formed from word roots of non-Semitic origin (see example meargenet from the word root Alef – Resch – Gimel – Nun, the consonant of the loan word organ [isieren] ).

Segolata from three root consonants

The Segolat word forms described at the beginning, i.e. those with an unstressed scion vowel in the last syllable, are only the basic form ( singular without possessive suffix ) of the respective word. This section describes how the Segolat form and the other inflection forms are formed from the original root . Only the most common formations are described. There are also many deviations and exceptions, which, in addition to the regular forms , are discussed in detail in Bauer and Leander's "Historical Grammar" .

There are the following forms of a Hebrew noun:

the single noun in the singular ( status absolutus )

the noun in the singular, which is determined by a subsequent noun ( status constructus )

the singular noun with an appended possessive suffix

the same three constructs with the plural noun

for some nouns the single noun in the dual - if it is not alone, the corresponding plural forms are used

Prepositions and numerals, some of which have Segolat forms, can have personal suffixes like nouns, e.g. B. schva't e nu (we seven) from sch e va ' (seven) or ezl e nu (with us) from e zel (at) analogous to klav e nu (our dogs) from k e lev (dog).

Segolat forms

${\ displaystyle V_ {1}}$	${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$	${\ displaystyle V_ {1} '}$	${\ displaystyle V_ {2}}$
a	not vav or iodine	e (Segol)	e (Segol)
i		e (Zere or Segol)
u		o (cholam)
a	Throaty: א ה ח ע	a (Patach)	a (Patach)
u	Throaty: א ה ח ע	o (cholam)	a (Patach)
a	iodine	a (Patach)	i (Chireq)
a	Waw	a (Qamaz)	e (Segol)

Segolata emerged from Semitic roots of the form with the three root consonants , and as well as the short vowel , which can have the sound value / a /, / i / or / u /. In the basic form of the segolatum, an unstressed scion vowel appears between the consonants and , and the vowel is replaced by the vowel (see table on the left) so that the segolatum has the form . The scion vowel is usually / e / (Segol), e.g. B. nafsch → nefesch , sifr → sefer , qudsch → qodesch . If one of the two consonants and a throat sound ( Alef , He , Chet , Ajin ), the vowels before and after usually become / a / (Patach) instead of / e / (Segol), e.g. B. sar ' → sera' , ba'l → ba'al (where the apostrophe here denotes the throaty Ajin). If the consonant is iodine or vav , the segolatum has the form or , the latter only appearing in a handful of words. If the consonant is Waw , then it merges with the scion vowel to / u / (Schuruq), e.g. B. bahw → bohu , analogous tohu as in Tohuwabohu . ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} V_ {1} C_ {2} C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {1}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle V_ {1}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle V_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle V_ {1}}$ ${\ displaystyle V_ {1} '}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} V_ {1} 'C_ {2} V_ {2} C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} ajiC_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} aweC_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {3}}$

In vocalized biblical texts, the last word before the end of a verse or a caesura is given a special pausal form , which in Segolata consists of the vowel having a / a / (Qamaz) instead of / a / (Patach) and often also of / e / (Segol) is. In modern texts, pause forms appear at best as a special stylistic device. ${\ displaystyle V_ {1} '}$

All Segolat forms stand for the singular in the status absolutus and mostly also in the status constructus. There is a different status constructus of the singular only in the special cases 2 and 3 in the section Other word forms .

Word forms with original double consonance

Except for Segolata with middle consonants Jod or Waw, the original root appears again in many word forms, which has no vowel between the second and third consonant. This applies to all singular forms with a possessive ending, the dual form and some plural forms. The phonotactic reason for the scion vowel, the two consonants at the end of the word, has been omitted by adding the ending, because now one consonant closes the syllable and the other opens the following syllable with the ending.

If a word form is based on the original root, the vowel disappears as in the original root. In its place there is a Schwa , always a resting Schwa in the singular and dual and almost always a floating Schwa in the plural . Instead of this Schwa there is a fleeting / ă / (Chataf-Patach) or / ŏ / (Chataf-Qamaz) after a guttural sound, if the first syllable is vocalized with / a / (Patach) or / o / (Qamaz qatan). The first vowel of the original root revives, namely: ${\ displaystyle V_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {2}}$ ${\ displaystyle V_ {1}}$

/ a / as / a / (Patach),
/ i / as / i / (Chireq) or after guttural as / e / (Segol) and ${\ displaystyle C_ {1}}$
/ u / as / o / (Qamaz qatan) or also as / u / (Qubbuz).

Since / e / (Segol) can stand as the vowel of the Segolatum for the original / a / or / i /, one cannot see in the Segolat form which of the two vowels belonged to the original root. ${\ displaystyle V_ {1} '}$

The forms discussed in the next section are not formed according to this pattern, especially the plural form in the status absolutus.

Other word forms

In the following cases an inflection form of a segolatum does not contain the original double consonance:

In the status absolutus of the plural, the ending is stressed, and the second syllable of the segolatum is given a / a / (Qamaz) as a vocal syllable, while the vowel of the first syllable is replaced by Schwa or, in throat sounds, by fleeting / ă / (Chataf-Patach) . The same also applies if the same syllable is the vanguard syllable in other plural forms. However, the status constructus of the plural does not fall under this rule - there the emphasis on the following noun is decisive for the entire connection.

If the middle of the three consonants is iodine or vav, the segolat form described above only applies to the status absolutus of the singular. In the status constructus of the singular the noun is monosyllabic, with iodine being the mater lectionis of a / ē / (Zere – Jod) or Waw that of a / ō / (Cholam – Waw); this form has the shape or . All other forms are usually formed as if the noun had this monosyllabic form. In particular, there are no forms in which the original root is used. - In the case of roots of this shape with a vav in the middle, there is often only the monosyllabic form and its derivatives instead of the segolatum , e.g. B. qawl → qōl (voice), analogous dōr (generation), chōr (hole), jōm (day) and others. ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} {\ bar {e}} C_ {3}}$ ${\ displaystyle C_ {1} {\ bar {o}} C_ {3}}$

A few Segolata form the status constructus of the singular with the first vowel omitted and / a / (Patach) as the second.

Examples

Arabic	Hebrew			German
Arabic	be …	Basic form	Plural	German
calf كَلْب	calf o כַּלְבּוֹ	k e lev כֶּלֶב	klav i m כְּלָבִים	dog
nafs نَفْس	nafsch o נַפְשׁוֹ	ne fesch נֶפֶשׁ	nëfasch o t נְפָשׁוֹת	soul
malik مَلِك	malk o מַלְכּוֹ	m e leḵ מֶלֶךְ	mëlaḵ i m מְלָכִים	king
sar ' زَرْع	sar ' o זַרְעוֹ	s e ra ' זֶרַע	sra ' i m זְרָעִים	Seeds
ba'l بَعْل	ba'ăl o בַּעֲלוֹ	b a 'al בַּעַל	bë'al i m בְּעָלִים	owner
sifr سِفْر	sifr o סִפְרוֹ	s e fer סֵפֶר	sfar i m סְפָרִים	book
djisr جِسْر	gischr o גִּשְׁרוֹ	g e scher גֶּשֶׁר	gschar i m גְּשָׁרִים	bridge
chidr خِدْر	chedr o חֶדְרוֹ	ch e the חֶדֶר	chădar i m חֲדָרִם	room
quds قُدْس	qodsch o קׇדְשׁוֹ	q o desch קֹדֶשׁ	qodasch i m קׇדָשִׁים	sanctuary
bukra بُكْرَة	boqr o בׇּקְרוֹ	b o qer בֹּקֶר	bëqar i m בְּקָרִים	tomorrow
fi'l فِعْل	po'ŏl o פׇּעֳלוֹ	p o 'al פֹּעַל	pë'al i m פְּעָלִים	Did; verb
-	to'ŏr o תׇּאֳרוֹ	t o 'ar תֹּאַר	të'ar i m תְּאָרִים	shape
-	tohŏj o תׇּהֳיוֹ	t o hū תֹּהוּ	-	chaos
sajt زَيْت	sēt o זֵיתוֹ	s a jit זַיִת	sēt i m זֵיתִים	olive
'ajn عَيْن	'ēn o עֵינוֹ	' a jin עַיִן	'ăjan o t עֲיָנוֹת	source
'ajn عَيْن	'ēn o עֵינוֹ	' a jin עַיִן	'ēn a jim עֵינַיִם	eye
bajt بَيْت	bēt o בֵּיתוֹ	b a jit בַּיִת	batt i m בָּתִּים	House
mawt مَوْت	mōt o מוֹתוֹ	m a wet מָוֶת	mōt i m מוֹתִים	death
tacht تَحْت	tacht a w תַּחְתָּיו	t a chat תַּחַת	-	under
-	ezl o אֶצְלוֹ	e zel אֵצֶל	-	at
bajn بَيْنَ	bēn o בֵינוֹ	b a jin * בַּיִן	-	between

In these examples, the Segolat form is in the middle, to the left (for easier comparison with the mostly similar basic form in Arabic) the form with the personal suffix -o (to be) and to the right of it the plural in the status absolutus. The Arabic words are related to the Hebrew, and in some cases they have a similar but not the same meaning, e.g. B. arab. sajt (oil) - Hebrew sajit (olive).

With one exception (Arabic bukra with root bkr - Hebrew boqer with root bqr) the Arabic consonants correspond to the Hebrew consonants, as they are otherwise correlated in related words.

German transcription (also in the following tables)

The German transcription of the Arabic and Hebrew sounds is as simple as possible for the German reader, and therefore phonetically imprecise and, above all, irreversibly unambiguous. It is only intended to show the change of vowels in the same word and the influence of the Dagesch in the Begadkefat / b / - / v /, / k / - / ḵ /, / p / - / f / (in Arabic always / b /, / k /, / f /) to show. Further comparisons are not possible. The Begadkefat should be distinguishable from other sounds: therefore / v / ( Vet ) from / w / (Waw), / k / ( Kaf ) from / q / ( Qof ) and / ḵ / ( Chaf ) from / ch / (Chet) notated differently, although in today's Hebrew pronunciation the differences are often not made. The apostrophe stands for the Arabic and Hebrew throat sound Ajin, which does not exist in German. Hebrew aleph is also transcribed with an apostrophe inside the word to indicate that there is a guttural sound.

As in the explanations above, the breve is used for fleeting vowels and the macron for long vowels that have a former consonant as a mater lectionis. The character / ë / denotes a Schwa, which is also used in today's pronunciation as a short / e /. Otherwise, vowels in the transcription are not differentiated according to which Hebrew vowel sign they are written with.

Analog scion vowels in the ending

The same syllable structure as with Segolata also occurs in connection with endings, in which case only one or two of the last three consonants belong to the word root.

Taw as a feminine ending

Hebrew			German
mask.	fem. st. Section.	fem. st. constr.	German
m e leḵ מֶלֶךְ	malk a מַלְכָּה	malk a t מַלְכַּת	Queen)
isch אִישׁ	ish a אִשָּׁה	e schet אֵשֶׁת	Man Woman
gv i r גְּבִיר	gvir a גְּבִירָה	gv e ret גְּבֶרֶת	Ruler
g e ver גֶּבֶר	gv e ret גְּבֶרֶת		Mr / Lady
ajj a l אַיָּל	ajjal a אַיָּלָה	ajj e let אַיֶּלֶת	Hind)
-	mivr e schet מִבְרֶשֶׁת		brush
-	rakk e vet רַכֶּבֶת		Railroad train
josch e v יוֹשֵׁב	josch e vet יוֹשֶׁבֶת		Seated person
mëdabb e r מְדַבֵּר	mëdabb e ret מְדַבֶּרֶת		Speaking
mëschugg a ' מְשֻׁגָּע	mëschugg a 'at מְשֻׁגַּעַת		Madman
më'arg e n מְאַרְגֵּן	më'arg e net מְאַרְגֶּנֶת		Organizer
schof e t שׁוֹפֵט	schof e tet שׁוֹפֶטֶת		Judge)
schot e r שׁוֹטֵר	schot e ret שׁוֹטֶרֶת		Policewoman)
fem.	mask. st. Section.	mask. st. constr.	German
scarf o sch שָׁלֹשׁ	schlosch a שְׁלֹשָׁה	schl o schet שְׁלֹשֶׁת	three
arb a ' אַרְבַּע	arba ' a אַרְבָּעָה	arb a 'at אַרְבַּעַת	four
' e ser עֶשֶׂר	'ăsar a עֲשָׂרָה	'ăs e ret עֲשֶׂרֶת	ten

There are two feminine endings in Hebrew : the stressed vowel / -a / (Qamaz – He) and the consonant / -t / (Taw). Both appear in two contexts:

to denote an adjective that is used together with a noun with feminine gender (gender congruence ) and
to change the meaning of a noun for a person or an animal so that it is restricted to female beings ( movement ).

Female adjective forms on / -it / as well as feminine moved forms of nouns on / -a / or / -at / in the status constructus are usually end-stressed and therefore not Segolata.

An appended / -t / combines with the second and third root consonants to form a segolat form in the following cases:

in the status constructus of some nouns in which the appended / -at / loses its tone and its vowel and the preceding both become / e / (Segol) (or in throat lute / a / (Patach)),
in a number of feminine nouns - often only recently formed from Semitic roots - which are already such a segolatum in the status absolutus,
in most participles of verbs that can be used like adjectives (e.g. "Sitzend"), like nouns ("Sitzende (r)") or like verbs ("he / she sits") and
for numerals as described below.

Masculine numerals, i.e. those that are used with masculine nouns, have endings like feminine nouns and vice versa; that is why the words "masculine" and "feminine" are interchanged in the subheading inserted above the number words. The construct state of the masculine numerals 3-10 -t through an attached / / denotes that forms a Segolatform at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, for example: lactic e met sch e schet hajmam i m : Six-Day war . Numerals over 10 have only one status and from 20 onwards a gender-independent form (except for the units in compound numerals).

In the plural, the plural ending / -ot / is not attached to the ending / -et /, but replaces it, whereby the vowel in front of it is dropped or becomes / a / (Qamaz). The other inflection forms are formed from three root consonants , similar to Segolata .

Other endings

Hebrew	German
e lef אֶלֶף	thousand
alp a jim אַלְפַּיִם	two thousand
arb a 'at ălaf i m אַרְבַּעַת אֲלָפִים	four thousand
ofann a jim אוֹפַנַּיִם	bicycle
ofann a jiḵ אוֹפַנַּיִךְ	your ^{( f )} bike
lasch e vet לָשֶׁבֶת	(to sit
scarf a chat שָׁלַחַתְּ	you ^{( f )} have sent

Here are some other endings that, like Segolata, were created by breaking a double consonance at the end of a word, whereby the last two syllables show the same vowel and stress pattern as Segolata:

The dual, which is mainly used for body parts that appear twice (hand, leg, eye, ear, lip, ...), some time terms (hour, day, week, month, year, ...) and the numerals for hundred and thousand, has the Ending - a jim with a segolat-like syllable structure. The dual of numbers and times means a strict two-number, in other words it often replaces the plural or denotes a duality within an object, as in "two-wheeler".
The same syllable structure has the ending - a jiḵ , the feminine singular possessive ending of the second person on a noun in the plural or dual.
Some of the verbs whose first root consonant is / j / (iodine) or / n / (Nun) lose this in the infinitive and get a / -t / (Taw) at the end of the word, which forms a Segolat form in a similar way to the feminine form that looks the same Ending.
In Biblical Hebrew, verbs with a throaty sound as the third root consonant in the 2nd person feminine singular of the perfect have a scion vowel / a / (Patach) before the ending / -t / (Taw with Dagesch and Schwa). In contrast to Segolata, the Dagesch is retained in the final consonant.

literature

Hans Bauer, Pontus Leander: Historical grammar of the Hebrew language of the Old Testament . With a contribution by Paul Kahle . Niemeyer, Halle 1922 ( archive.org ).
Ernest Klein: A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Hebrew language for readers of English . Carta et al. a., Jerusalem 1987, ISBN 965-220-093-X (English, archive.org ).
אברהם אבן-שושן ( Avraham Even-Shoshan ) :המילון החדש. Qirjat-Sefer, Jerusalem 1997, ISBN 965-17-0222-2 (Hebrew).

Web links

Wiktionary: Segolatum - explanations of meanings, word origins , synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

↑ German: Hld 4,14 EU - Hebrew (vocal.): Hld 4 bei Mechon Mamre
^ Hans Bauer, Pontus Leander: Historical grammar of the Hebrew language of the Old Testament . With a contribution by Paul Kahle . Niemeyer, Halle 1922, p. 565-615 ( archive.org ).
^ Hans Bauer, Pontus Leander: Historical grammar of the Hebrew language of the Old Testament . With a contribution by Paul Kahle . Niemeyer, Halle 1922, p. 576 ( archive.org ).

[1] German: Hld 4,14 EU - Hebrew (vocal.): Hld 4 bei Mechon Mamre

[BauLean-2] Hans Bauer, Pontus Leander: Historical grammar of the Hebrew language of the Old Testament . With a contribution by Paul Kahle . Niemeyer, Halle 1922, p. 565-615 ( archive.org ).

[BauLean576-3] Hans Bauer, Pontus Leander: Historical grammar of the Hebrew language of the Old Testament . With a contribution by Paul Kahle . Niemeyer, Halle 1922, p. 576 ( archive.org ).