Shuttleworths cattails

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shuttleworths cattails
Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Cattail family (Typhaceae)
Genre : Cattail ( Typha )
Type : Shuttleworths cattails
Scientific name
Typha shuttleworthii
WDJKoch & Sond .

The Shuttleworth cattail ( Typha shuttleworthii ), also known as the gray cattail , is a species of the cattail family (Typhaceae). It is common in Europe, but rare, and is also found in Western Asia .

description

The Shuttleworth cattail grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches stature heights of 80 to 150, rarely up to 200 centimeters. As a survival organ, it forms underground, creeping rhizomes . The alternate arranged on the stem leaves are simple, light green, 7 to 11 millimeters wide and often extend beyond the inflorescence.

The flowering period extends from June to July, sometimes to August. The male piston part is by bracts divided into approximately five sections and about half as long as the female piston part. A bloodless section between the male and female piston parts is missing. The female piston part is 6 to 11 inches long. The female piston is initially brown-black due to the surface of the stigma at the time of fruiting, while the perigone hairs of the flower protrude above the stigma when the fruit is ripe . It then appears overlaid with a silver-gray finish, with the grain tips being recognizable as dark points.

The seeds are 0.6 to 0.9 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

Confusion with other species

The Shuttleworth cattail is difficult to distinguish from the much more common broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia ), with which it is often confused and is therefore likely to be overlooked. In the past it was often considered a subspecies of this species. According to genetic analyzes , both species are closely related and sister species . The most important distinguishing features are: the silver-gray female piston, which is relatively shorter in relation to the male piston part (length ratio male to female 0.3 to 0.5, compared to 0.7 to 1.2 in Typha latifolia ); the female flowers have only about 20 (compared to 30 to 40) perigone hairs; in addition, the leaves are narrower and more light- than blue-green. It is difficult to differentiate, however, and it is uncertain if the pistons are not overrun in silver gray.

ecology

The Shuttleworth cattail is a hydrophyte .

Occurrence

Typha shuttleworthii is given outside Europe from Western Asia: Turkey and Iran. The Shuttleworth cattail is a pre-alpine flora element. Its area extends from the Eastern Pyrenees across southern France, the western Alps of Switzerland, southern Germany and northern Italy, to Austria, Slovenia, Macedonia and the Carpathian foothills. The distribution center is in the northern western Alps. The species is considered rare in its entire area. It occurs in France, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, the Ukraine, Turkey, the Caucasus region, Iran and earlier also in Hungary .

The few German finds are in the Bavarian and Baden-Württemberg Alpine foothills. The deposits in Eastern Bavaria (Bavarian Forest and Upper Palatinate) are extinct today, with the exception of a single site near Eslarn . Until recently, only two sites were confirmed from Baden-Württemberg, but more recently the species has been found in the Wollmatinger Ried in the temporarily dry bank zone.

There are also only a few recent finds from the Carpathian region. Four sites in the Beskids are currently known from the Ukraine , and the few Polish records are limited to the Beskids. There are currently three sites in Slovakia.

The Shuttleworth cattail is soil-vague and occurs in both nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich locations. It was found, for example, in the silting belt of ponds and lakes, in mud-filled pools on the gravel banks of Alpine rivers, in old peat cuttings filled with water, in wet meadows and swamps. The occurrences are often poor in individuals and unstable. Many sites are in humid or secondary humid locations that have been disturbed by humans.

Shuttleworth bulrush has a wide distribution in height. The lowest point of discovery in Germany is the Rhine near Wiesloch at an altitude of 130 meters; in Germany it is found up to an altitude of 840 meters, in Switzerland up to 750 meters.

Endangerment and nature conservation

In the European Red List of Vascular Plants of the IUCN from 2011 it is not assessed due to insufficient data basis (category DD: data deficient). In most of the countries in its area it is considered endangered or critically endangered. Typha shuttleworthii is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention , so all contracting states are obliged to take protective measures. In some regions, for example in Bavarian Swabia or in northern Switzerland, the stocks are currently considered stable, although rarely. But also in the center of distribution, in Switzerland, the species is considered endangered (status vu: vulnerable). The Shuttleworth cattail is considered endangered in Germany.

use

The Shuttleworth cattail is occasionally used as a pond perennial in the temperate latitudes in parks and gardens.

Taxonomy

The first description of Typha shuttleworthii was made in 1844 by Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch and Otto Wilhelm special in Synopsis Florae Germanicae et Helveticae , 2nd edition, p 786. type locality is the Aare near Bern and Aarau in Switzerland. Synonyms for Typha shuttleworthii W.DJKoch & Sond. are: Typha latifolia subsp. shuttleworthii (WDJKoch & Sond.) Stoj. & Stef. , Typha bethulona Costa , Typha transsilvanica Schur , Typha latifolia var. Bethulona (Costa) Kronf. , Typha latifolia var. Transsilvanica (Schur) Nyman , Typha persica Ghahr. & Sanei . The homonym Typha shuttleworthii clay. and the subspecies Typha shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis (C. Presl) Graebn. are synonyms of Typha orientalis C.Presl .

Name declaration

The Shuttleworth cattail is named after Robert James Shuttleworth (1810–1874), who discovered the species.

literature

  • Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen (greeting), Siegmund Seybold: The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants. 95th completely revised u. exp. Edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Eckehart J. Jäger (ed.): Excursion flora from Germany. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 .
  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8: Special part (Spermatophyta, subclasses Commelinidae part 2, Arecidae, Liliidae part 2): Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-3359-8 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. Volume 5: Swan flower plants to duckweed plants , Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Shuttleworths cattail. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  3. ↑ Changkyun Kim, Hong-Keun Choi: Molecular systematics and character evolution of Typha (Typhaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data. In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 5, 2011, pp. 1417-1428.
  4. ↑ a b c J. Griese: Cattail plants. In: Oskar Sebald, Sigmund Seybold, Georg Phillipi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  5. ↑ a b c d Katarzyna Kozlowska, Agnieszka Nobis, Marcin Nobis: Typha shuttleworthii (Typhaceae) new for Poland. In: Polish Botanical Journal , Volume 56, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 299-305.
  6. ↑ SMM Hamdi, M. Assadi, M. Ebadi: Revision of study of Typha genus: three new records species of the genus Typha (Typhaceae) in Iran and their micromorphological pollen and capsule studies. In: Asian Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 8, Issue 7, 2009, pp. 455-464. doi: 10.3923 / ajps.2009.455.464
  7. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Typha shuttleworthii. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  8. ↑ Shuttleworth's cattail. Profiles for the vascular plants of Bavaria of the Botanical Information Node Bavaria
  9. ↑ Michael Dienst, Irene Strang, Wolfgang Ostendorp: Effects of climate change on communities on the shores of Lake Constance. In: Natur und Mensch, Volume 50, 2008, pp. 2–8.
  10. ↑ Ljubov Felbaba-Klushyna: Typha shuttleworthii in Ukraine and adjoining regions: tendencies of dynamics of distribution, ecological and coenotic peculiarities. In: Botanica Serbica , Volume 35, 2, 2011, pp. 121-124.
  11. ^ Stanislav Uhrin, Franticek Baca: A new locality of Typha shuttleworthii in Slovakia. In: Biologia (Bratislava) , 60, 1, 2005, p. 105.
  12. ↑ a b Christoph Käsermann: Typha shuttleworthii WDJ KOCH & SOND. - Shuttleworths cattail - Typhaceae. Leaflets on species protection - flowering plants and ferns (as of October 1999) can be downloaded from infoflora.ch .
  13. ↑ M. Bilz, SP Kell, N. Maxted, RV. Lansdown, 2011: European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. ISBN 978-92-79-20199-8 doi: 10.2779 / 8515
  14. ↑ List online
  15. ↑ Infoflora.ch. accessed on November 6, 2014
  16. ↑ a b Typha shuttleworthii at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 13, 2014.

Web links