Broad-leaved cattail

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Broad-leaved cattail
Broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)

Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Cattail family (Typhaceae)
Genre : Cattail ( Typha )
Type : Broad-leaved cattail
Scientific name
Typha latifolia
L.

The Broad cattail ( Typha latifolia ) is a plant of the genus cattail ( Typha ) within the family of typhaceae (Typhaceae). It occurs in large parts of the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere as well as in the subtropical and tropical zones of both hemispheres.

description

illustration
The fruit stalks are hairy long

Vegetative characteristics

The broad-leaved cattail grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 1 to 3 meters. The strong and upright stem is leafy and round in cross section with a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters. The flower-bearing stems are about the same length as the leaves or slightly shorter and taper to 0.3 to 0.7 centimeters below the inflorescence.

The alternate and two-lined ( distich ) on the stems, sessile leaves are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheaths are always open and have paper or membrane-like, hairless edges. The tip of the leaf sheath includes the leaf blade or rarely forms paper-like auricles . The glands which are located at the transition between the leaf sheath and blade are colorless and indistinctly recognizable. The simple, blue-green leaf blades are 45 to 95 centimeters long and 0.5 to 2.9 centimeters wide and are linear to broadly linear in shape and are arched outwards and flat on the inside.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The flowering period extends from spring to summer, depending on the location and distribution area. The broad-leaved cattail is single-sexed ( monoecious ). The piston-shaped, spike-like total inflorescence consists of a thicker, purely female and a thinner, purely male partial inflorescence . The two partial inflorescences can be directly adjacent to each other or can be separated from each other by a 4 to 8 centimeter long stem.

The male partial inflorescence is between 3.5 and 12 centimeters long and 1 to 2 centimeters thick and consists of simple colorless to straw-colored flower scales, which are thread-shaped with a length of around 4 millimeters and a width of around 0.05 millimeters. One to three bracts are found at the base or occasionally in the middle part of the partial inflorescence , which later fall off. The male single flowers are 5 to 12 millimeters in size. There are two stamens in each male flower . The stamens are two to three times as long as the 1 to 3 millimeter long, yellow anthers .

The female partial inflorescence is soft and cylindrical with a length of 5 to 25 centimeters and a diameter of 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters. It initially contains pale green individual flowers, which dry out over time and turn brownish to black-brownish or reddish-brown in color. As the fruit ripens, the inflorescence is between 2.4 and 3.6 centimeters thick and often covered with whitish hair in spots. The female single flowers are threefold, have no cover leaf and are 2 to 3 millimeters in size during the anthesis , but later grow to a size of 10 to 15 millimeters. The persistent, fleshy scar is brown to dark brown in color and lanceolate to diamond-shaped with a length of 0.6 to 1.2 millimeters and a thickness of 0.2 to 0.25 millimeters. The lanceolate ovary stands on a thin, 4 millimeter long stem. The stylus is 2.5 to 3 millimeters long. The covering bristles of the female partial inflorescences have a colorless tip, but appear whitish in large numbers.

The achenes , solitary nuts, contain numerous seeds. The seeds are lanceolate.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia )
Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia )

Occurrence and endangerment

The natural range of the broad-leaved cattail extends over the temperate zone of the northern as well as the subtropical and tropical zones of both hemispheres, with the exception of the central and southern Africa, southern Asia and Polynesia . In Australia, New Zealand , southern South America, the Hawaiian chain of islands and the West Indies, the species grew wild and is now naturally occurring.

The broad-leaved cattail grows, depending on the area of ​​distribution, at altitudes from 0 to 2300 meters. The species is found mainly on moist soils in the reed zone of eutrophic lakes, ponds, canals , moats, swamps and along slowly flowing waters. The water can also be slightly brackish, i.e. have a low salt content. He is a character species of the association Typhetum latifolii from the association Phragmition. It thrives in bodies of water up to 1 meter deep, optimally 50 centimeters water depth.

The Broad cattail is in the red list of the IUCN classified as "not at risk" due to the large distribution area as well. The total stock is considered stable.

Taxonomy

It was first described as Typha latifolia in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, page 971. Synonyms for Typha latifolia L. are Massula latifolia (L.) Dulac , Typha crassa Raf. , Typha elatior Raf. , Typha latifolia subsp. eulatifolia Graebn. , Typha latifolia var. Typica Rothm.

use

The broad-leaved cattail is used for the production of biomass . It can be used for thatched roofs as well as for wickerwork and as filler material. It is also grown as an ornamental plant and the reeds can be used for the natural purification of sewage.

The rhizomes , the young shoots in spring, the stem bases of the mature plants and the not yet blooming inflorescences are edible both raw and cooked and a sweet syrup can be obtained from them. The dried rhizomes are rich in protein and starch and can be ground or mixed with wheat flour to bake bread. The seeds are also edible, have a nutty taste when roasted, and can be ground into flour or used to make oil. The oil and the leaves have a hemostatic, disinfectant, anticoagulant and diuretic effect and can also be used against worm infestation.

swell

  • Elfrune Wendelberger: Plants of the wetlands: waters, moors, floodplains , Gutenberg Book Guild , Munich 1986, ISBN 3-7632-3265-6 (or BLV-Verlag, ISBN 3-405-12967-2 )
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Saood Omer, Rizwan Y. Hashmi: Typha latifolia at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, University of Karachi, Department of Botany, Karachi 2002.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h S. Galen Smith: Typhaceae . Typha . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Volume 22. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 , Typha latifolia (English, Typha latifolia - online - this work is online with the same text).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Kun Sun, David A. Simpson: Typhaceae . Typha. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China . Acoraceae through Zosteraceae. Volume 23. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010, Typha latifolia , p. 161 (English, Typha latifolia - online - this printed work is online with the same text).
  4. ↑ Typha latifolia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ a b Typha latifolia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ a b c d Typha latifolia in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2014 Posted by: RV Lansdown, 2010. Accessed May 13, 2015.
  7. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  115 .
  8. ↑ Typha latifolia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on April 12, 2015.
  9. ^ Typha latifolia at Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files