Solanum aspersum
| Solanum aspersum | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drawing from the first description of Solanum aspersum |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Solanum aspersum | ||||||||||||
| S.Knapp |
Solanum aspersum is a plant type from the genus of Solanaceae ( Solanum ). Within the genus it is classified in the Dulcamaroid clade . The species was first described by Sandra Knapp in 2010.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum aspersum is a woody liana of indefinite length or height. The stems are dense and evenly covered with trichomes that fall off with age . These become 0.5 to 1.5 mm long, are bent to the trunk, in a row and consist of only a few cells. The bottom cell is larger and stands on an enlarged base. The bark is greenish-brown on older stems and fine-black due to the remains of the falling trichomes. The young shoots are completely covered with simple, single-row trichomes, which are up to 1.5 mm long and are pale straw-colored on herbarium specimens .
The sympodial units contain many leaves . The leaves are simple, 3.5 to 9 cm long (rarely only 1 cm) and 1.5 to 4.6 cm wide (rarely only 0.6 cm). The leaf blade is ovate to narrowly ovate, the widest point is in the lower third. It is membranous to paper-like and strongly discolored. The upper side of the leaf is evenly covered with up to 2 mm long, simple and single-row trichomes. Since they stand on raised bases, the surface appears warty. The underside of the leaf is covered with trichomes similar to the upper side, but these consist of two or three cells, the lowest of which is the largest, and are closer to the leaf veins. Seven to nine pairs of leaf veins extend from the leaf axis. The leaf stalk is 0.7 to 2.0 cm long and hairy, similar to the stems and leaf blades.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences are at the end of leafy short shoots. They are 3 to 15 cm long and spherical to ellipsoidal. They consist of 12 to 60 flowers and are heavily branched, with a basal branch just above the base of the stem dividing the inflorescence into two distinct branches. The branches of the inflorescence are almost at right angles apart. The inflorescence is densely hairy with simple trichomes. The flower stalk is 0.5 to 0.8 mm long and less than 0.5 mm thick at the base and at the tip. It is filled with up to 1.5 mm long trichomes that are up to 1.5 mm long. Near the base, the flower stalk is bent like a hinge and provided with a small cover that remains as a short cone on the inflorescence. The flower stalks are irregularly 1 to 10 mm apart.
The crown stands well above the calyx of the narrow ellipsoidal bud . The five-fold flowers are always fully developed. The calyx tube is conical, about 2 mm long and covered with 0.5 to 1 mm long, triangular to broadly triangular calyx tips. The hair on the calyx is less pronounced than on the rest of the inflorescence. The crown measures 1.2 to 1.7 cm in diameter, is lobed in a star shape almost to the base and colored white, pink or pale blue. The corolla lobes are 6 to 7 mm long and 1.5 to 2 mm wide and bent back at flowering time. The outside of the crown is hairless, the inside is densely covered with weakly papillae , up to 0.5 mm long trichomes, which are denser at the tip and the edges.
The stamens are hairless and less than 0.5 mm fused to form a tube, the free-standing part is about 0.5 mm long. The anthers are 4 to 4.5 mm long, about 1 mm wide, elliptical and yellow in color. They open through pores at the tips, the pores enlarge into slits. The ovary is hairless. The stylus is 5 to 6 mm long and covered with thin, simple and up to 0.5 mm long trichomes, which are denser in the lower half. The scar is head-cut and finely papilous.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits known for the first description may be immature. They are spherical berries with a diameter of 1.3 mm and green or yellowish-green in color. The pericarp is thin and shiny. On the fruits, the flower stalks enlarge to a length of 0.9 to 1 cm and a diameter at the base of 1 to 1.5 mm. They lignify and protrude. More than 10 seeds are formed per fruit , they are probably flattened kidney-shaped.
distribution
Solanum aspersum is only known from a few, widely spaced and isolated finds along the Andes from central Ecuador to Colombia, both from the Cordillera Occidental and the central Cordillera Real . The locations are between 1600 and 2500 m altitude. It is likely that the species is more abundant than the previously known findings suggest.
Systematics
Within the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ), Solanum aspersum is classified in the Dulcamaroid clade. Within the clade, the species can be classified in a morphologically and geographically separate group. In addition to Solanum aspersum, these include the species Solanum amygdalifolium , Solanum endoadenium , Solanum inodorum , Solanum luculentum and Solanum odoriferum . All species of this group are common in the Andes and southeastern Brazil.
Botanical history and etymology
The species was first described by Sandra Knapp in May 2010 . The publication took place in the journal “PLoS One”, which only appeared in electronic version, which was the first time in this form. Since the version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) in effect at the time of publication did not provide for such a form of publication, eleven printouts of the article were sent to various libraries and to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) at the same time as it was published on the Internet . With the publication, the journal's author and publishers dare to make a move to change the ICBN. A corresponding application is to be submitted by Sandra Knapp at the International Botanical Congress 2011 in Melbourne, Australia.
The first known specimen of the species and type specimen was collected on December 30, 1940 by José Cuatrecasas . This and other specimens found later were mostly assigned to the species Solanum aureum . The epithet aspersum refers to the few, scattered known locations of the species.
proof
Main sources
- Sandra Knapp: Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America . In: PLoS One , Volume 5, Number 5, e10502, May 2010. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0010502
Individual evidence
- ^ Sandra Knapp: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 22, May 10, 2013. pp. 1-428. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.22.4041
- ^ Daniel Cressey: Linnaeus meets the Internet . In: Nature News , published online on May 5, 2010, accessed on October 17, 2010. doi : 10.1038 / news.2010.221
