Solanum lyratum
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Flower of Solanum lyratum |
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Solanum lyratum is a plant from the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which grows as a shrub or climber. Within the genus of the nightshade ( Solanum ) it is classified in the Dulcamaroid clade , as the only representative of this group it has dark blue to black anthers . It is found in China, Japan and northern Vietnam.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum lyratum is an outstretched shrub or herbaceous climber that becomes woody at the base. It reaches heights of growth of 0.5 to 3 meters. The stems are flexible, not winged and sparsely to densely hairy. The hair consists of translucent, glandular and single-row trichomes of four to six cells with a length of 4 millimeters and a single-celled gland tip, as well as of shorter, glandular trichomes with a length of 0.5 millimeters. The trichomes are weak and tangled, the hairiness of the young growth resembles that of the stems. Older stems have a pale yellowish-straw-colored bark and are bald because the longer trichomes usually break off and only the shorter ones remain. The hairs are very uniform within the species and can serve as a good diagnostic feature.
The sympodial units contain many leaves . These are heart- to lyre-shaped, thin, membranous, simple or pinnate, but very variable within the species. Usually they have only two lyre-shaped lobes at the base, but sometimes they are divided into up to four pairs of lobes, so that they appear pinnate. Few specimens have five to sevenfold divided leaves. The leaves are widest in the lower third. The base is heart-shaped or occasionally cut off, it does not run down the petiole. They are pointed or pointed towards the front. The size of the leaves is 2 to 6 (rarely up to 9) centimeters in length and 0.5 to 5 (rarely up to 7) centimeters in width. Both leaf sides are evenly haired with weak, translucent, single-row trichomes up to 4 millimeters long, which are similar to those of the stems. The leaf stalks are 1 to 3 centimeters long, are hairy and twisted like the stems.
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences can be terminal or to the side, they are 2.5 to 10 centimeters long and are open and often branched out many times. The hairiness resembles that of the stalk. The inflorescences contain between ten and more than 40 flowers , of which usually only a few are open at the same time. The peduncle becomes 2 to 6 centimeters long, the pedicels reach 7 to 11 millimeters in length and are about 0.5 millimeters wide at the base and 1 millimeter wide at the top. They are slender and protruding, hairless or hairy with short glands. At the base they are surrounded by a short, approximately 1 to 2 millimeter long shell. They are 2 to 9 millimeters apart, towards the tip of the inflorescence they become increasingly dense.
The buds are elliptical in shape, and the crown protrudes well beyond the calyx tube even before flowering . The flowers are hermaphroditic and five-fold. The calyx tube is 1 to 1.5 millimeters long, conical and hairless. The edge is covered with up to 1 millimeter long, triangular lobes, but these can also only appear as weak protuberances. They are papillae at their tips . The crown is white to pale lavender, with white and green dots at the base of the corolla lobes. It is star-shaped and measures 8 to 13 millimeters in diameter. The individual petals are free for 3/4 of their length, are strongly curved back and 3 to 6 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide. The tips and edges of the petals are very papillosome.
The stamen tube is only very weak, the individual stamens are free from each other over a length of 1 to 1.5 millimeters and are hairless. The anthers are 3 to 3.5 millimeters long, 1 to 1.5 millimeters wide, elliptical in shape and slightly inclined. They are often dark blue to black in color, which is unique within the Dulcamaroid clade. However, it is not known whether this is genetic or caused by environmental influences. The base of the anthers is arrow-shaped, the tip opens through pores that enlarge into slits with age. The ovary is hairless and has a 5 to 7 millimeter long stylus that ends in a head-shaped scar , the surface of which is weakly papillary.
Fruits and seeds
The fruit is a bright red, spherical berry with a diameter of about 1 centimeter. When ripe it is translucent and luminous, its sap is scarlet. The stalks extend to 1 to 1.5 millimeters on the fruit, the base becomes about 0.75 millimeters wide. Each fruit contains more than 30 seeds , these are flat, kidney-shaped, pale yellowish-straw-colored and 2.5 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters wide. The seed surface is slightly grainy, ripe seeds appear hairy due to the testa cell walls that are up to 0.5 millimeters longer.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution and locations
The range of the species is in China , Japan and the northern Vietnam . It can be found there in a variety of habitats that range from sea level to an altitude of 1500 meters. Individual collections also come from altitudes above 2000 meters. Mostly it grows secondary along roads, in wasteland and urban areas such as weedy city gardens, but can be found in a variety of forest types.
Systematics
Within the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ), Solanum lyratum is classified in the Dulcamaroid clade. Within the clade, the species can be classified in a morphologically and geographically separate group. All species of this "Dulcamara group" occur in the northern hemisphere. These include the bittersweet nightshade ( Solanum dulcamara ) and the very similar species Solanum pittosporifolium , with which it occurs sympatric. Both types can be distinguished by the hairiness of the leaves. While Solanum lyratrum always has long, glandular tichomes on all vegetative parts, Solanum pittosporifolium is hairless or has only short, single-row trichomes on the leaves and young stems.
use
Plants of the species are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name Baimaoteng against cancer , malaria , jaundice , edema and hepatitis , among other things . Cytotoxic and apopotic activity against various tumor cells could be demonstrated. These effects are associated with various steroid glucuronides and stereoid, alkaloid glycosides that could be extracted from the plant.
The plant species Aristolochia mollissima is also referred to by the name Baimaoteng in traditional Chinese medicine . A medical case in 2004 in which a 60-year-old patient suffered kidney failure after being given a preparation made from plant parts is due to a mix-up of the two species. Instead of Solanum lyratum , he was given Aristolochia mollissima .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Zhi-Yun Zhang, Anmin Lu and William D'Arcy: Flora of China. Solanaceae . Volume 17. 1978
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Sandra Knapp: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 22, May 10, 2013. pp. 1-428. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.22.4041
- ↑ Solanum lyratum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Li-Xin Sun, Wen-Wei Fu, Wen Li, Kai-Shun Bi, Min-Wei Wang: Diosgenin Glucuronides from Solanum lyratum and their Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cell Lines. In: Journal of Nature Research C . 61, 2006, pp. 171–176 ( PDF , free full text).
- ↑ Zhongzhen Zhao et al .: A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica in the Hong Kong Market. In: Ann Acad Med Singapore , Volume 35, 2006. pp. 764-769. ( [1] [PDF], 158 kB)