Solanum pimpinellifolium
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Solanum pimpinellifolium (syn. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ) is a plant species from the section of tomatoes ( Solanum sect. Lycopersicon ) in the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum pimpinellifolium is an herbaceous plant that can be annual , biennial or perennial . It grows upright at first, but later prostrate and climbing, reaching lengths of up to 3 m from the center. The stems have a diameter of 8 to 11 mm at the base, are green and mostly sparsely hairy (only rarely to a dense velvety). The trichomes can be divided into several types. The most common are single-row, one- to two-celled, white, thin and about 0.5 mm long trichomes that arise from a unicellular base. In between there are sparse glandular trichomes with single and multicellular trichomes. Only occasionally, as in some northern Peruvian populations, are there larger and stronger, single-celled trichomes up to 1 mm long, which arise from a multicellular base. These can be non-glandular and glandular trichomes with a fine, unicellular head.
The sympodial units usually have three leaves , the internodes are 2 to 8 cm long. The leaves are pinnate interrupted, 4 to 12 cm long and 1.5 to 8 cm wide. They are sparsely to densely hairy with glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The hair is velvety and more pronounced along the veins and on the underside. Similar to the sprouts, the undersides of the leaves of some northern Peruvian populations are covered with stronger trichomes along the veins. The main partial leaves are in two to four pairs, they increase slightly in size towards the leaf base, are elliptical or broadly elliptical to ovate or broadly ovate. The base is heart-shaped or occasionally cut off, oblique and enlarged on the side facing away from the vertex. The leaf margin is entire, rounded notched or slightly serrated in the upper third. The tip is somewhat rounded, pointed or tapered to a point. The terminal partial leaf is 2.5 to 5 cm long and 1 to 3.5 cm wide and stands on a 0.5 to 2 cm long stalk, the largest lateral partial leaves are 1.5 to 3.5 cm long, 1 up to 2 cm wide and stand on 0.5 to 0.7 cm long stalks. The base of the petioles usually runs down the leaf axis. Partial leaves of the second and third order are missing, inserted intermediate part leaves are few, usually one to four pairs. These intermediate leaves have a length of 0.5 to 1.2 cm and a width of 0.2 to 0.7 cm, are sessile or have up to 0.2 cm long stalks. The distance between the lateral, primary and intermediate leaves is variable and usually fluctuates between 0.5 and 2 cm. The petiole of the entire leaf is (rarely only 0.8) 1.5 to 5 cm long, there are no apparent stipules .
Inflorescences and flowers
The 4 to 25 cm long inflorescences are mostly unbranched or occasionally branched once. They consist of 7 to 30 flowers , have no bracts and are on 2 to 3 (rarely up to 5) cm long inflorescence stalks . They are hairy similar to the stems, but have more glandular trichomes with multicellular heads. The flower stalks are 1 to 1.3 cm long and bent at the top like a joint.
The buds are 0.5 to 1.2 cm long and elongated conical. Shortly before blooming, the crown protrudes more than 2/3 to 3/4 over the calyx . The calyx tube is 0.05 to 0.1 cm long when it blooms. The attached calyx lobes are 0.25 to 0.5 mm long and 0.1 to 0.25 cm wide, they are lanceolate in shape and densely hairy with single-row trichomes. The star-shaped, pale to bright yellow crown has a diameter of 1.2 to 3 cm, the corolla tube is 0.1 to 0.25 cm long. The free-standing corolla lobes are 1 to 1.5 cm long and 0.2 to 0.4 cm wide. They are densely covered with fine white trichomes on the outside of the tips and strongly bent backwards at flowering time.
The tubular fused stamens are 0.7 to 1 cm long and straight. The stamens are 0.5 to 1 mm long , the anthers 0.5 to 0.7 mm and a sterile attachment at the tip 0.3 to 0.4 mm long. The ovary is conical to spherical and hairless. The stylus is 0.7 to 1 mm long and about 0.5 mm in diameter. In the lower third it is densely hairy, it is not or only 0.5 to 1 mm beyond the stamen. The scar is heady and green.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits are up to 1 cm by measuring, spherical, two-chamber and at maturity bright red berries . While the fruit is growing, they are hairy to dense glandular. The trichomes are single-row, about 0.5 mm long and have multicellular or single-celled heads. When ripe, the fruits are bare. The flower stalks are elongated to 1.5 to 2 cm in length on the fruit, straight or curved at the point of articulation in the direction of the inflorescence axis. The calyx lobes are enlarged to 1 to 1.2 cm in length and 0.25 to 0.4 cm in width on the fruit and strongly bent back so that they run parallel to the stem. The fruits contain seeds 2 to 3 mm long, 1 to 2.3 mm wide and 0.5 to 0.8 mm thick . They are inverted ovoid, winged narrowly at the tip and tapering to a point at the base. They are pale brown in color and covered with hair-like outgrowths on the outer cells of the seed coat. These are either close-fitting and give the seeds a velvety surface or they are shaggy.
Distribution and locations
The original distribution of Solanum pimpinellifolium is probably the coastal area in northern Peru and southern Chile , where the species grows at altitudes between 0 and 500 m. Populations from Ecuador and higher altitudes in northern Peru were probably created through introgression with the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and are characterized by more notched leaves and differences in hairiness. The species was introduced to the Galapagos Islands and there crosses with native wild tomatoes , such as Solanum cheesmaniae .
The species grows in damp locations, for example on the edges of fields and fields.
Systematics
Solanum pimpinellifolium is very closely related to the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and crosses with it very easily, which means that it is not very easy to differentiate between the two species. Phylogenetic studies place the species as a sister taxon to a group that consists of the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) and Solanum cheesmaniae .
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Individual evidence
- ↑ David M. Spooner, Iris E. Peralta and Sandra Knapp: Comparison of AFLPs with other markers for phylogenetic inference in wild tomatoes [Solanum L. section Lycopersicon (Mill.) Wettst.] , In: Taxon , Volume 54, Number 1, February 2005, pages 43-61.
Main sources
- Iris E. Peralta, Sandra Knapp & David M. Spooner: Solanum pimpinellifolium . In: Solanaceae Source , accessed August 7, 2008
