Stig Andersen Hvide d. Ä.

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Stig Andersen Hvide the Elder (* before 1275; † 1293 ) was an important Danish marshal in the 13th century.

Life

His parents are unknown. His first marriage was to Ossa Nielsdatter, the second to Ingeborg Pallesdatter and the third to a daughter of Drosten Uffe Nielsen. He does not seem to have belonged to the male lineage of the Hvide sex. Rather, his first two wives were of this gender, and this is probably the reason why tradition attributes him to this gender.

The sources about his life are sketchy. In 1272 he guaranteed a loan from Erik Klippings in Lübeck . What is certain is that in 1275 he commanded an army of Erik Klipping on the train to Sweden in support of the sons Birger Jarls Magnus and Erik against their brother King Waldemar . In the battle of Hova Waldemar was defeated by the united army of the Danes and his brothers.

In 1286, at the Danish court, he refused to pay homage to Erik Menved , who had been chosen as the king's successor , although the rest of the nobility agreed to the designation. Tradition shows that he had joined the aristocratic party, which had set itself the goal of limiting royal power. This party defied the king in 1282 with an extensive charter of freedoms, the first real celebration in Danish history. Some nobles demanded and received larger fiefs, including Duke Waldemar Eriksson in North Jutland. When the duke also laid claim to royal crown property, a conflict arose in which the duke was defeated. It is believed that this was the background for Erik Klipping's murder on November 22nd, 1286. Although the perpetrators were not identified, contemporaries were convinced of the political murder of a noble conspiracy. In the name of Erik Menved, a committee of 36 nobles was formed in 1287 at a meeting of the nobility, who sentenced to death with a majority of 27: 9, including Stig Andersen Hvide, and declared the property forfeit.

Today's research assumes that the convicts were innocent and that it was a politically motivated conviction. The medieval chronicles on which Arild Huitfeldt relied in his thesis that Stig Andersen was the main culprit had no reliable knowledge of the regicide. The convicts had since fled to Norway to see King Erik II . Only now does Stig Andersen Hvide appear in the sources as the leader of the peacemaker. Despite the conviction, he must have been rich and powerful in Denmark too. There is no other explanation for the fact that he was able to administer his possessions in Denmark from Norway.

Hjelm Island with the fortress ruins in 1897.

With Norwegian support, he attacked Denmark several times. His goal was to get back his goods, which he was denied during his lifetime. After his death, the widow received the goods back in 1309 with the condition that they should be sold immediately and that they no longer enter Denmark. The first victims were Middelfart and Hindsholm . In 1288 he moved to Jutland . In 1289 King Erik of Norway launched a military campaign into the Öresund, to which Elsinore fell victim. The king's fleet laid down before Copenhagen. Stig Andersen Hvide attacked Samsø and took the fortress there. He moved on to Slagelse , where he took Taarnborg Castle and burned Skælskør . He also visited Nykøbing Falster . Together with the Norwegian king, he plundered the southern Danish islands.

In 1290 he built a fortress on the island of Hjelm in the Kattegat . Together with Count Jakob Nielsen (d. 1309), who had also been declared peaceless and who built the fortress Hunehals Borg in northern Halland , he controlled the Kattegat. The fortresses were the starting point for the peaceless war against Denmark, which Stig Andersen continued until his death. He succeeded in catching royal mint masters on one of his campaigns in Jutland and bringing them to Hjelm. There he forced them to mint royal Danish coins, which had a much lower silver content. These fakes are so good that they can only be identified with a material analysis. He distributed these coins to his followers in Denmark, who put them into circulation. Coins that differ from the official coins in Denmark were also minted in Hjelm. It is therefore assumed that the real coins minted in Hjelm traded in favor of Duke Waldemar in his fight for the Danish throne.

Literary figure

As meager as the historical sources on Stig Andersen Hvide are, the later legendary literature about him is as rich. Here he is stylized as the regicide because the king raped his wife while Stig was on the campaign to Sweden. Contemporary poetry does not name him or anyone else as the king's murderer. This attribution only occurs in later poetry. A poem about the wedding of King Erik Menved tells of Stig Andersen's two daughters. Historical is only one daughter who died at the age of 12. According to a papal dispensation, she had previously been engaged to a man named Johannes Esre.

This folk poetry is the largest collection of old poems on the same historical event. These are ten poems that Anders Sørensen Vedel recorded in the Hundredvisebogen (1591) and which are also collected in other aristocratic manuscripts and volumes of poetry from the mid-16th century. They were published by Svend Grundtvig in Danmarks gamle Folkeviser , Vol. 3 (1858–1863) as no. 145. He marked the individual versions with the letters A – K. He said that the long version A was the original one from which the others had used. However, later research came to the conclusion that it was a summary of the remaining versions. versions F and G are considered to be the oldest. They took sides with the king and most of the population at the time against his murderers. But it is doubtful whether they were created during the trial in 1287. Versions C, D and E are entertainment poems that deal with the seduction of Ingeborg, Stig Andersen's wife, and Marshal's Vengeance. Versions H and I tell of Stig Andersen's true dreams that he would have to go into exile. The short K version tells about the conspirators.

literature

Remarks

The article is essentially taken from Olrik in the Salmonsens konversationsleksikon as more recent literature. Any other information is shown separately.

  1. ↑ Kai Hørby.
  2. ↑ Narrated in Lundeårbok, which is considered a reliable source .
  3. ^ Kr. Erslev: Erik Klipping . In: Christian Blangstrup (Ed.): Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon . 2nd Edition. tape 7 : Elektriske Sporveje – Fiesole . JH Schultz Forlag, Copenhagen 1918, p. 416 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
  4. ↑ To previous section Kai Hørby.
  5. ^ Johannes CHR Steenstrup: Hvide, Stig Andersen . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 8 : Holst – Juul . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1894, p. 197-198 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
  6. ^ Johannes CHR Steenstrup: Hvide, Stig Andersen . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 8 : Holst – Juul . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1894, p. 196 (Danish, runeberg.org ). Steenstrup p. 196.
  7. ^ Johannes CHR Steenstrup: Hvide, Stig Andersen . In: Carl Frederik Bricka (Ed.): Dansk biografisk Lexikon. Tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537-1814. 1st edition. tape 8 : Holst – Juul . Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, Copenhagen 1894, p. 197 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
  8. ^ Svein H. Gullbekk: Pengevesenets Fremvekst og Fall i Norge i middelalderen . Copenhagen 2009. pp. 59 f. and p. 103 fn. 23 with further references and Jørgen Sømod: Eksilregeringen på Hjelm slog ikke falske mønter .
  9. ↑ On this paragraph Marsk Stig-viserne . The Danske store.
personal data
SURNAME Hvide, Stig Andersen the Elder Ä.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hvide, Stig Andersen the Elder
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Danish Marshal
DATE OF BIRTH before 1275
DATE OF DEATH 1293