Stink umbrella
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Stink umbrella ( Lepiota cristata ) |
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| ( Bolton : Fr. ) P. Kumm. |
The Lepiota cristata or comb Schirmling ( Lepiota cristata ) is a fungus of the family of the mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae). It is a smaller umbrella with a membranous, immobile ring. The whitish hat is scaled concentrically around a clearly defined reddish-brown center. The unpleasant, fluorescent gas-like odor is very typical. The very common umbrellaling occurs from June to October in deciduous forests, less often in coniferous forests, but can also be found on grassy areas outside forests.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 1–4 cm wide, initially hemispherical, soon conical-bell-shaped and finally arched and with a blunt hump. The surface is whitish with fine, red-brown, more or less concentrically arranged scales. The parting is smooth and red-brown. The edge is curved for a long time, fringed and sometimes hung with remains of velum.
The white, bulbous lamellae are free as with all parasols. They are pretty crowded. Later they can also be discolored yellow and become rusty with age. The blade edges are jagged. The spore powder is yellow-white.
The cylindrical, quite brittle stem is 4–6 cm long and up to 0.4 cm wide and hollow inside. It is whitish and tinted pink towards the base. The white, skiny ring is ascending but ephemeral and is therefore often missing in old age. The meat is white and smells and tastes unpleasant to disgusting.
Microscopic features
The spores are 6–9 µm long and 3–5 µm wide and spurred on the sides. They are smooth and strong to weakly dextrinoid . The cheilocystids are clearly club-shaped to pear-shaped and measure approx. 25 x 10 μm. Pleurocystids are absent. The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is hymeniform and consists of variable rounded to club-shaped cells that are 25–60 µm long and 10–15 µm wide.
Species delimitation
The umbrellalings of the genus Lepiota are often difficult to identify. But due to its unpleasant to disgusting smell, the stink umbrella is usually quite easy to recognize. However, there are at least two very similar species with the perfume umbrella ( Lepiota saponella ) and the dark- scaly umbrella ( Lepiota subfelinoides syn. L. cristata var. Felinoides ), which are therefore often only viewed as varieties.
The pale-hatched forma pallidior of the stink umbrella can easily be confused with the creamy white umbrella ( Lepiota subalba ).
ecology
The stink umbrella is a saprobiont that occurs largely independently of forest communities . It has a preference for disturbed or anthropogenically influenced locations and often occurs on roadsides, on ruderal sites and on hedges and bushes. It is mostly found on neutral to basic and moderately to very nitrogen-rich soils. It usually occurs under deciduous trees, in spruce forests you can always find it by the wayside or on vegetable detritus . It is very common in red beech and hornbeam-oak forests . It occurs less frequently in alluvial forests, hardwood or pure oak forests.
The fruiting bodies appear from summer to autumn and often after the first frosts. The umbrella can be found from the lowlands to the mountains.
distribution
The stink umbrella is almost a cosmopolitan , which means that it occurs on all continents. It is only missing in the Arctic and Antarctic zones. It occurs in Australia, Asia (Turkey, Israel, India, Caucasus to Siberia and Japan), North and South America (Argentina, Chile, USA, Canada) and Africa (Zaire, Morocco). In Europe it is widespread in all countries from Greece to Finland and from Portugal to Belarus. The species is also widespread in Germany and Austria and is common almost everywhere.
Systematics
The umbrella body is within the subgenus Lepiotula ( Maire ) Locquin ex Horak in the section Steno Spore asked. The spurred spurs, which have a small stalk ( apiculus ) sitting on the side, are typical of the dissection . Bon separates from this section another section Cristratae ( Kühner & Wass.) M. Bon . The representatives of the Cristratae section have a strictly hymeniform cap skin ( epicutis ) and no elongated hair, while the representatives of the Stenospore section have a trichoform cap skin type of more or less elongated and fragmented hyphae.
Subspecies and varieties
The species is very rich in shape and variable, therefore several forms, varieties and possibly also independent species have been described. Some of the more common forms are listed below.
| variety | author | description |
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| Lepiota cristata f. major | Receipt | At 4–7 cm, the hat is larger than the type. All other properties are more or less the same as those of the type. The shape seems to prefer locations rich in nutrients and nitrogen and is often found between nettles. |
| Lepiota cristata var. Pallidior | Boud. ex Bon (1981) | As with the type, the hat is about 2–4 cm wide, but paler, with a light beige to pale ocher-colored center and a whitish edge. The slats are also white. The very pale flesh smells more fruity than the type. The spores are quite triangular and measure 6–7.5 x 2.5–3.5 µm. The cap skin hyphae are slightly spindle-shaped. The variety occurs in the same locations as the type. The variety can easily be confused with other white-capped species, for example with the creamy white umbrella ( Lepiota subalba ). However, this differs significantly in its hat skin structure and has a much more pleasant smell. |
| Lepiota cristata var. Exannulata | Bon (1981) | The variety has the same appearance as the type, only that the stem is slightly bulbous and the ring is usually missing. The 6–7 µm long and 2–4 µm wide spores are slightly constricted above the spur. |
meaning
The stink umbrella is inedible because of its disgusting smell and taste. It may also be slightly toxic.
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Lepiota cristata. In: Index Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved November 27, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 126 .
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 , p. 75.
- ↑ M. Kuo: Lepiota cristata (MushroomExpert.Com). In: mushroomexpert.com. October 2007, accessed November 27, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Alain Gerault: FLORULE EVOLUTIVE DES BASIDIOMYCOTINA DU FINISTERE . Homobasidiomycetes / Agaricales. 2005, p. 35–36 ( online [PDF; 2.1 MB ; accessed on December 4, 2011]).
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lepiota cristata. In: data.gbif.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011 .
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 284 .
Web links
- Roger Phillips: Lepiota cristata. In: Rogers Mushrooms / rogersmushrooms.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011 .
- Lepiota cristata. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on December 2, 2011 (Italian, good photos of the stink umbrella).