Student movement
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A student movement is a political movement of mainly student participants that starts at universities . It is often directly related to individual government measures , but it can also take the form of a general, intellectually and socially motivated extra-parliamentary opposition to the ruling system.
Definition of terms
Means of protest were and are demonstrations , blockades, symbolic actions, strikes, leaflets and speeches, but also performance or communication guerrillas . However, there can also be violence against property and people as well as bullying against university staff; in this case one speaks of student unrest or student revolts . Also conflicts between students and city residents were not uncommon in the past.
Insofar as student resistance is directed exclusively against the design of education policy (e.g. the introduction of tuition fees in Germany), the majority of the talk nowadays is student protest.
Important student movements
19th century
- in March in Germany: Urburschenschaft (1815), Wartburg Festival (1817), Hambach Festival (1832), Frankfurter Wachensturm (1833), Der Hessische Landbote (1834) by Georg Büchner
- in the July Revolution of 1830 in France
- towards the end of the 19th century in Bohemia ( Omladina )
20th century
- 1919 China: May Fourth Movement
- 1937 in Myanmar (Burma): Thakin student movement ( Thakin movement )
- 1959/60 in Japan: Zengakuren and Bund protest together with trade unions against the new edition of the security treaty with the USA
- in the 1960s in western democracies:
- general: movement of 68
- USA: Free Speech Movement , Students for a Democratic Society , Civil Rights Movement (Civil Rights Movement) and the movement of the Vietnam War opponents
- Germany: West German student movement of the 1960s and extra-parliamentary opposition , see also Rudi Dutschke and Benno Ohnesorg . Student movement 1970s: student strike 1976/77
- France: May 68
- Japan: Gakuren , Bund, Zengakuren, Nichigakudō , Zenkoku Gakkyō
- 1968 in Czechoslovakia : Prague Spring (partly also student resistance)
- 1960s Mexico: Tlatelolco massacre
- January to March 1970 First Quarter Storm in Manila
- 1973 in Ethiopia: student movement at Haile Selassie University
- from 1989 in the states of the former Eastern Bloc:
- Chinese student movement (1989)
- Otpor in Serbia
21st century
- Kmara in Georgia
- Pora! in Ukraine
- KelKel in Kyrgyzstan
- Subr in Belarus
- Scholarism in Hong Kong
literature
- Peter Brandt : Student Movements and Early Nationalism around 1800 . Habilitation thesis, around 1988.
