Sufan movement

The Sufan movement ( Chinese 肃反 运动 / 肅反 運動 , pinyin : sufan yundong ), also “movement to remove hidden counterrevolutionaries” (ch. 肃清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 运动 / 肅清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 運動, pinyin: suqing ancang de fangeming fenzi yundong ), was a government campaign against political opponents in China . It was founded by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under Mao Zedong . The term "Sufan" stands for " eliminate counterrevolutionaries (pinyin: suqing fangeming)," and the movement is considered one of the CCP's human rights crimes .

history

On July 1, 1955, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the "Guideline for the Initiation of a Struggle to Eliminate Hidden Counterrevolutionary Elements (关于 展开 斗争 肃清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 的 指示)”. On August 25, 1955, there was a clearer and more repressive version of it: "The directive on the thorough cleansing and cleansing of hidden counterrevolutionaries (关于 彻底 肃清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 的 指示)". The movement is seen as a continuation of the fall of the counter-revolutionary Hu Feng clique . The "movement" ended in late 1957.

During the movement, the " Outstanding Leader " Mao Zedong believed that 95% of China were "good people" and 5% were "counter-revolutionaries" from the Communist Party, government agencies and other institutions in mainland China. " excluded ”. In contrast to the previous " Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries " (1950-1953), which was directed against (former) members of the Kuomintang in rural areas, small towns and slums, the Sufan movement (1955-1957) was also directed against all other so-called counter-revolutionaries as well as non-communist intellectuals . The Sufan movement is also considered a democide .

According to Chinese state researchers, over 1.4 million intellectuals and officials were persecuted, 214,000 people were arrested and a total of 53,000 people were killed during the Sufan movement . However, independent researchers have estimated that the number of those murdered was several hundred thousand. More recent reports estimate the number of deaths to be much higher.

See also

• Chinese land reform
• Campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries
• Three anti and five anti movement
• Anti-right movement
• Cleanup of Inner Mongolia
• Red August
• History of the People's Republic of China

Web links

• Gregor Delvaux de Fenffe: The Myth of Mao bpb , Dossier China, 7 August 2008.
• Ingrid Saltin: The system of re-education through work, University of Würzburg, 2007.
• Hanns Günther Hilpert, Frédéric Krumbein, Volker Stanzel: China's controlled memory: How historical events are remembered, glorified, reinterpreted and concealed Foundation Science and Politics , December 2019.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} 1955 年 7 月 1 日 中共中央 发出 《关于 展开 斗争 肃清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 的 指示》. In: The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved July 14, 2020 (Chinese). 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} 中共中央 关于 彻底 肃清 暗藏 的 反革命分子 的 指示. In: China Internet Information Center . Retrieved July 14, 2020 (Chinese). 
3. ↑ ^{a b c} China's Continuous Revolution. In: University of California . Retrieved July 14, 2020 . 
4. ^ ^{A b} Maurice Meisner: Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition . Simon and Schuster, 1999, ISBN 978-0-684-85635-3 ( libcom.org [PDF; accessed July 14, 2020]).
5. ↑ ^{a b} Li Weimin (李维民): 1955 年 肃反 扩大化 的 教训. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu . Retrieved July 14, 2020 (Chinese). 
6. ↑ ^{a b} Zhu Zheng (朱正): 陆定一 和 尤金 谈 肃反 运动. In: Yanhuang Chunqiu . Retrieved July 14, 2020 (Chinese). 
7. ↑ Wang Gongbiao (王功彪): 日本 侵略 軍 與 中共 暴政 對 中國 人民 造成 傷害 的 比較. In: Yibao (议 报). September 4, 2015, accessed July 14, 2020 (Chinese). 
8. ↑ Chen Zhaonan (陳昭南): 遇到 中共 就 失憶！ 國民黨 還能 騙 自己 多久? In: Storm Media Group (風 傳媒). June 9, 2018, Retrieved July 14, 2020 (Chinese (Taiwan)). 
9. ↑ William Luo (罗慰年): 半资本主义与中国 (Semi-Capitalism in China) . 世界 华语 出版社, 2018, ISBN 978-1-940266-12-1 ( here in the Google book search [accessed July 14, 2020]).
10. ↑ 遒 真言 实 ： 世界 史 头号 罪人 —— 不 反 毛 ， 天理不容！ In: Beijing Spring. October 8, 2016, archived from the original on September 24, 2019 ; accessed on April 5, 2020 (Chinese). 
11. ^ ^{A b} Valerie Strauss, Daniel Southerl: How many died? New evidence suggests far higher numbers for the victims of Mao Zedong's era . In: Washington Post . July 17, 1994, ISSN  0190-8286 ( washingtonpost.com [accessed July 14, 2020]).
12. ↑ Stéphane Courtois , et al. The Black Book of Communism. Harvard University Press , 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 p. 485
13. ^ Rudolf G. Wagner, Professor of Chinese Studies Rudolph Wagner MD, Sieglinde Wagner: Inside a Service Trade: Studies in Contemporary Chinese Prose . Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1992, ISBN 978-0-674-45536-8 ( here in the Google book search [accessed July 14, 2020]).