Suides herpes virus 1

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Suides herpes virus 1
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Duplodnaviria
Empire : Heunggongvirae
Phylum : Peploviricota
Class : Herviviricetes
Order : Herpes viral
Family : Herpesviridae
Subfamily : Alphaherpesvirinae
Genre : Varicellovirus
Type : Suides herpes virus 1
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : available
Scientific name
Suid alphaherpesvirus 1
Short name
SuHV-1
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10345
NCBI  Reference: NC_006151.1
ICTV Taxon History: 201851456

The Suide herpesvirus 1 ( SuHV-1 ) - formerly known as pseudorabies virus (PRV), pseudorabies virus and Aujeszky virus designated - is a virus , which in domestic pigs the pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) caused. It has an unusually broad host range for herpes viruses.

features

The SuHV-1 is membrane-coated, contains double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and an icosahedral capsid with 162 capsomeres ; the virion is 150-200 nm in diameter. SuHV-1 belongs to the genus Varicellovirus , to the subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae and to the family of Herpesviridae . It is closely related to the herpes simplex viruses and the varicella zoster virus , which is also pathogenic to humans , as it shares a large part of its genome with them .

The reservoir or main host of SuHV-1 is the domestic pig, to which it is well adapted like all herpes viruses. However, most mammals , with the exception of higher primates including humans, can be infected. When transmitted to mammals outside the natural host, it leads to fatal, generalized infectious diseases.

history

The SuHV-1 was scientifically described for the first time in 1902 by the Hungarian veterinarian Aladár Aujeszky , which is why the illness he caused is also referred to as Aujeszky's disease. The first cases described date from the early 19th century in the USA, where the disease was called mad itch because of the symptoms . In Europe, however, the disease was referred to as pseudo rage or in English-speaking countries as pseudorabies , since the symptoms in rabbits are similar to those of rabies. The viral nature of PrV was confirmed shortly after its discovery. It was only in the 1930s that it was identified as the cause of mad itch and the pig was described as being receptive to it and a natural host.

Due to its wide host range and the high homology within the Herpesviridae , SuHV-1 advanced to become an important model virus for studying the herpesvirus biology in cell cultures and in the natural host. In addition, the SuHV-1 is used in the research of neural networks, as it can be used as a neural tracer due to its neurotropic properties.

Genome

The SuHV-1 genome was completely sequenced in 2004 and has an unusually high GC content of 74% on average with a total of around 143,000 base pairs (143 kbp). As with all alpha herpes viruses, it is divided into four general structural components: the unique short region (US or USR) and the unique long region (UL or ULR), which contain single copy genes, and two inverted repeat sequences. One of these sequences is located between the US and UL regions and is therefore referred to as the internal repeat sequence (IRS), while the other is located at the end of the genome and is therefore referred to as the terminal repeat sequence (TRS). Because the US region is flanked by inverted repeat sequences, there are two isomers of the genome with oppositely oriented US regions. However, the biological relevance of these isomers is unclear.

Over 70 open reading frames encoding 70 viral proteins have been identified. About half of these have been described as structural proteins. The arrangement of the reading frames is largely colinear with the HSV-1 . The only exception is an inversion of around 40 kbp, which affects genes UL27 to UL44.

Pathogenesis

Infection in pigs (main host)

In pigs, transmission occurs mainly oronasally. The spread into the central nervous system causes non-purulent meningoencephalitis when replicated there . The severity of the disease depends on the virulence of the strain as well as the age and immune status of the infected animals. The older an animal is, the weaker the apparent symptoms and central nervous symptoms. Instead, respiratory symptoms increase. The symptoms include fever, anorexia , listlessness, cough, runny nose, cramps, tremors and paralysis (especially of the hind legs). Suckling pigs show severe central nervous symptoms and the mortality rate in the first few weeks of life is almost 100%, while in adult animals it is only 1–2%. If pregnant sows become infected with SuHV-1, in most cases this leads to the death of the embryo, stillbirths or mummified fetuses.

After an acute infection has been overcome, the virus, as with all other herpes viruses, is latent in the host for life and is excreted when reactivated.

Infection in minor hosts

Although most mammals such as cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, rodents , rabbits, guinea pigs , coyotes , and rarely horses and goats are susceptible to SuHV-1, humans and higher primates are immune in vivo for unknown reasons. Even chickens can be infected by SuHV -1. After consuming SuHV-1 infected meat, predators such as bears and wild cats can also become infected.

In all secondary hosts, infection is fatal within a few days. The symptoms are a rapidly rising fever and severe itching at the point of entry of the virus. This itching can lead to self-mutilation, which is why the pseudo anger in the USA was called mad itch ("crazy itch").

vaccination

SuHV-1 vaccines are available, but they only weaken symptoms and minimize infection. One of the SuHV-1 vaccines (OMNIVAC-PRV) was the world's first recombinantly produced live vaccine to be used.

A SuHV-1 eradication program was started in Germany in 1989, which led to Germany being officially SuHV-1-free since 2001.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ Aujeszky A: About a new infectious disease in domestic animals . In: Cent. for bacteriol. Parasite kd. Infection. 1 abbot orig . 32, No. 5, 1902, pp. 353-357.
  3. ^ Hanson RP: The history of pseudorabies in the United States . In: J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. . 124, No. 925, April 1954, pp. 259-261. PMID 13142964 .
  4. ↑ a b Pomeranz LE, Reynolds AE, Hengartner CJ: Molecular Biology of Pseudorabies Virus: Impact on Neurovirology and Veterinary Medicine . In: Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. . 69, No. 3, September 2005, pp. 462-500. doi : 10.1128 / MMBR.69.3.462-500.2005 . PMID 16148307 . PMC PMC1197806 (free full text).
  5. ^ Schmiedhoffer J: Contributions to the pathology of infectious bulbar paralysis (Aujeszky's disease) . In: Z. for Infekt. Parasitic diseases Hyg. Pets . 8, 1910, pp. 382-405.
  6. ^ A b Shope RE: Pseudorabies as a Contagious Disease in Swine . In: Science . 80, No. 2065, July 1934, pp. 102-103. doi : 10.1126 / science.80.2065.102 . PMID 17743175 .
  7. ↑ Shope RE: An experimental study of, mad itch 'with especial reference to its relationship to pseudorabies . In: J. Med.. . 54, No. 2, July 1931, pp. 233-248. doi : 10.1084 / jem.54.2.233 . PMID 19869913 . PMC PMC2131951 (free full text).
  8. ↑ Card JP, Rinaman L, Schwaber JS, Miselis RR, Whealy ME, Robbins AK, Enquist LW: Neurotropic properties of pseudorabies virus: uptake and transneuronal passage in the rat central nervous system . In: J. Neurosci. . 10, No. 6, June 1990, pp. 1974-1994. PMID 2162388 .
  9. ↑ Marson L: Identification of central nervous system neurons that innervate the bladder body, bladder base, or external urethral sphincter of female rats: A transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus . In: J. Comp. Neurol. . 389, No. 4, December 1997, pp. 584-602. doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1096-9861 (19971229) 389: 4 <584 :: AID-CNE4> 3.0.CO; 2-X . PMID 9421141 .
  10. ↑ a b Klupp BG, Hengartner CJ, Mettenleiter TC, Enquist LW: Complete, annotated sequence of the pseudorabies virus genome . In: J. Virol. . 78, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 424-440. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.78.1.424-440.2004 . PMID 14671123 . PMC PMC303424 (free full text).
  11. ↑ Ben-Porat T, Veach RA, Ihara S: Localization of the regions of homology between the genomes of herpes simplex virus, type 1, and pseudorabies virus . In: Virology . 127, No. 1, May 1983, pp. 194-204. doi : 10.1016 / 0042-6822 (83) 90383-5 . PMID 6305015 .
  12. ↑ Bras F, Dezélée S, Simonet B, Nguyen X, Vende P, Flamand A, Masse MJ: The left border of the genomic inversion of pseudorabies virus contains genes homologous to the UL46 and UL47 genes of herpes simplex virus type 1, but no UL45 gene . In: Virus Res. . 60, No. 1, March 1999, pp. 29-40. doi : 10.1016 / S0168-1702 (98) 00146-4 . PMID 10225272 .
  13. ↑ Nauwynck HJ: Functional aspects of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) viral proteins with relation to invasion, virulence and immunogenicity . In: Vet. Microbiol. . 55, No. 1-4, April 1997, pp. 3-11. doi : 10.1016 / S0378-1135 (96) 01299-0 . PMID 9220592 .
  14. ↑ Pol JM, Gielkens AL, van Oirschot JT: Comparative pathogenesis of three strains of pseudorabies virus in pigs . In: Microb. Pathog. . 7, No. 5, November 1989, pp. 361-371. doi : 10.1016 / 0882-4010 (89) 90039-9 . PMID 2560112 .
  15. ↑ a b T. C. Mettenleiter, B. Ehlers, T. Müller, K. Yoon, J. Teifke: Herpesviruses . In: J. Zimmerman, L. Karriker, A. Ramirez, K. Schwartz, G. Stevenson (Eds.): Diseases of Swine , 10th. Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8138-2267-9 , pp. 421-446.
  16. ↑ Yu X, Zhou Z, Hu D, Zhang Q, Han T, Li X, Gu X, Yuan L, Zhang S, Wang B, Qu P, Liu J, Zhai X, Tian K: Pathogenic Pseudorabies Virus, China, 2012 . In: Emerg. Infect. Dis. . 20, No. 1, January 2014, pp. 102-104. doi : 10.3201 / eid2001.130531 . PMID 24377462 . PMC PMC3884716 (free full text).
  17. ↑ Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB: Abortion induced by cell-associated pseudorabies virus in vaccinated sows . In: Am. J. Vet. Res . 53, No. 4, April 1992, pp. 489-493. PMID 1316724 .
  18. ^ TC Mettenleiter: Pseudorabies Virus . In: BWJ Mahy, MHV van Regenmortel (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Virology , 3rd. Edition, Academic Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-12-374410-4 , pp. 341-351.
  19. ↑ Capua I, Fico R, Banks M, Tamba M, Calzetta G: Isolation and characterization of an Aujeszky's disease virus naturally infecting a wild boar (Sus scrofa) . In: Vet. Microbiol. . 55, No. 1-4, April 1997, pp. 141-146. doi : 10.1016 / S0378-1135 (96) 01304-1 . PMID 9220606 .
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  21. ↑ Zanin E, Capua I, Casaccia C, Zuin A, Moresco A: Isolation and characterization of Aujeszky's disease virus in captive brown bears from Italy . In: J. Wildl. Dis. . 33, No. 3, July 1997, pp. 632-634. doi : 10.7589 / 0090-3558-33.3.632 . PMID 9249712 .
  22. ↑ Shope RE: An experimental study of, mad itch 'with especial reference to its relationship to pseudorabies . In: J. Med.. . 54, No. 2, July 1931, pp. 233-248. doi : 10.1084 / jem.54.2.233 . PMID 19869913 . PMC PMC2131951 (free full text).
  23. ↑ Field HJ, Hill TJ: The Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies in Mice following Peripheral Inoculation . In: J. Gen. Virol. . 23, No. 2, May 1974, pp. 145-157. doi : 10.1099 / 0022-1317-23-2-145 . PMID 4833604 .
  24. ↑ van Oirschot JT, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ, Berns AJ: marker vaccines, virus protein-specific antibody assays and the control of Aujeszky's disease . In: Vet. Microbiol. . 23, No. 1-4, June 1990, pp. 84-101. doi : 10.1016 / 0378-1135 (90) 90139-M . PMID 2169682 .
  25. ↑ Kit S: Genetically engineered vaccines for control of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) . In: Vaccine . 8, No. 5, October 1990, pp. 420-424. doi : 10.1016 / 0264-410X (90) 90240-M . PMID 2174594 .
  26. ↑ Müller T, Bätza HJ, Schlüter H, Conraths FJ, Mettenleiter TC: Eradication of Aujeszky's disease in Germany . In: J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health . 50, No. 5, June 2003, pp. 207-213. doi : 10.1046 / j.1439-0450.2003.00666.x . PMID 12864894 .