Suq Chan ez time

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Road sign.

The Suq Chan ez period ( Arabic سوق خان الزيت, DMG Sūq Ḫān az-Zait  'Market of the Oil Chans', English transcription: Khan az-Zait ; also Suq Bab Chan ez time ) is a street in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Jerusalem . The Hebrew name of the street is Rechov Bet ChaBa "D ( רְחוֹב בֵּית חָבָּ"ד 'ChaBa "D-Haus-Straße' ). It was named after the ChaBa" D movement founded by Schneur Salman von Ljadi , which is active worldwide.

The street follows the course of the Roman and Byzantine main street ( Cardo maximus ) from the Damascus Gate to the south and continues in the covered Sūq al-Aṭṭarin , “Market of the Spice Merchants ” ( Hebrew שׁוּק הַבְּשָׂמִים Schūq ha- Bsamīm , German 'spice market' ). It is also the border between the Muslim quarter and the Christian quarter of the old town.

Baklava assortment in Souq Chan ez time.

Place at the Damascus Gate

The Arabic name of the Damascus Gate, Bab al-ˤAmud " Pillar Gate ", reminds us that in the Roman and Byzantine periods there was a semicircular square with a column with the image of the Roman emperor in the middle. The column was also important in the Byzantine city, as its representation on the Madaba map shows. There it is the center of the entire Palestine mosaic map, without an imperial figure as a crowning, but also without a cross, and this probably means that all routes were calculated from here ( hodometric fixed point). Arkulf was still impressed by this column around 680, he considered it the center of the world .

Branch of the Cardo secundus ( Ṭariq al-Wad )

The Byzantine Jerusalem on the Madabakarte: left (north) the Damascus Gate with the column. Two main streets begin here, the Cardo secundus above and the Cardo maximus below.

At the end of the gate square the Suq Chan ez time begins, and at an acute angle to it another main street, Ṭariq al-Wad ("valley street "). A small mosque has stood in this corner since 1969, before the Ottoman Sabil al-Shurbadschi fountain was located here . The valley road is identical to the Byzantine Cardo secundus; A small gate system at the beginning of this street can be seen on the Madabakarte. The eponymous valley, filled in by the rubble of the centuries, has only been a slight depression since Mameluk times.

As the city valley of Jerusalem, it shaped the cityscape in older times and separated the upper city (west) from the lower city (east). According to Flavius ​​Josephus , this valley was called φάραγξ τῶν τυροποιῶν ( pharanx ton tyropoion ), the " Cheesemaker Gorge". Gustaf Dalman considered it unlikely that there should have been a cheese production center in the middle of the capital, and suggested that a "dung valley" (גֵּי האַשָּׁפוּת Gej ha-Aschpot ) has been upgraded to a “cheese valley” ( ge ha-schefot ). Since the destruction of the Herodian Temple, this street lost its importance, as the center of the Aelia Capitolina , and then also the Byzantine city, was on the Cardo maximus. It was not until the construction of Islamic shrines on the Temple Mount that the valley road was upgraded. Architecturally, it came to full bloom in the Mameluk era, which can still be seen today in the teaching houses, mausoleums, market halls and fountains in this part of the city.

Up to the confluence of the Via Dolorosa

The souq is initially covered, later open, and since it runs exactly on the Cardo, the remains of columns of the porticos and Roman pavement have been found here. At the Dom Polski hospice in 1904, the edge of a quarry or city moat was discovered over a length of 60 m, which possibly follows the course of the so-called Second Wall from the time of Herod .

Via Dolorosa, Station VII

Roman column, Station VII of the Via Dolorosa.

According to Louis-Hugues Vincent, there was a Roman road junction, which was highlighted by a tetrapylon , where the Suq Chan ez era meets the Via Dolorosa coming from the east . A tetrapylon at this point would be plausible, but there is no archaeological evidence for this. At the corner is the 7th station of Via Dolorosa, in which a column from Roman / Byzantine times is integrated. Another pillar protrudes into ˁAqabat al-Chanqah Street .

The small station chapel of the Franciscans was built in 1875.

To the confluence of the Suq al-Dabbagha

In the next section, the Suq Chan ez time runs along the east side of the sacred area ( Temenos ) of the Aelia Capitolina . This is where the state temples and the forum were located until Jerusalem became a Christian city under Constantine .

11th century composite gate in the Alexander Nevsky Church.

Alexander Nevsky Church

Using older building material, Konstantin's builders created the representative main entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher here on the Cardo , remains of which are now exposed in the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Church and the neighboring confectionery.

The church was built in 1881 after a visit by Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich . Here, at the southeast corner of the Roman Temenos and the Constantinian Church of the Holy Sepulcher, ancient building fabric was uncovered, which Louis-Hugues Vincent interpreted as the remainder of the Propylaea and the entrance area of ​​the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. In addition, a fragment of an emperor's inscription was discovered that may refer to Hadrian or Trajan :

IMP C [aesar P. Aelius Hadrianus, Divi Traiani] PART [hici Filius ...].

Eutychios of Alexandria reported (around 935) that the Muslims set up a mosque in this area of ​​the Church of the Holy Sepulcher after taking the city. Church use of the site ended in the 10th century. When the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was rebuilt in later centuries, no attempt was made to include the entrance area of ​​the Constantinian basilica. Nevertheless, there is a gate here that was (using capitals from late antiquity) “built by the impoverished Christians of Jerusalem” in the 11th century to “ honor the generous Emperor Monomachus ”, who had the Church of the Holy Sepulcher rebuilt after it was reduced in size under al -Hakim had been devastated.

Side street ˤAqabat al-Takija

Architectural detail , ˤAqabat al-Takija.

On the opposite side of the street, the side street ˤAqabat al-Takija branches off, which connects the Suq Chan ez period with the valley road ( Ṭariq al-Wad) and is particularly rich in medieval and early modern architecture. No. 32 with a triple portal is a palace from 1388. Opposite is the mausoleum of the Circassian princess Turbe es-Sitt Tunshuq from 1398. There is also a religious foundation from 1552, a caravanserai , a Sufi monastery and one on this street Soup kitchen for pilgrims included. Characteristics of the Mameluke architectural style are the stalactite portals ( muqarnas ) and the color design of the facades, where pink marble was combined with black basalt and white limestone.

Suq al-Aṭṭarin by night.
Assortment of spices in the Suq Chan ez period. (AL-QUDS GROCERY)

Continued as Suq al-Aṭṭarin

The Suq al-Dabbagha , the "Gerbergasse", meets the Suq Chan ez-Zeit from the west, which continues behind this intersection in the central lane of a three-aisled market hall, the Suq al-Aṭṭarin. As the groin vaults show, a larger part of the structure of the market hall (at the latest) dates from the time of the crusaders; at that time the main market was here, the forum rerum venalium . On the east side of the Suq al-Aṭṭarin the consoles of the zygomatic arches No. 13 to 17 bear the inscription Sancta Anna . This means that the proceeds from these shops once went to St. Anne's monastery .

After the conquest of Jerusalem, Saladin acquired the monastery and the associated properties. For Mujir ad-Din (1496), this three-aisled market hall was one of the most beautiful places in Jerusalem: "Never and in no city in the world have you seen these three comparable bazaars in terms of their arrangement and architecture."

This souq was traditionally specialized in spices, medicinal herbs and fragrances, today textile shops are in the majority. Nevertheless, individual shops with a large range of spices continue the tradition.

Central crossing Cardo / Decumanus

Behind this three-aisled market hall, the Cardo maximus met the most important cross street ( Decumanus , today: רחוב דוד Rechov David, "Davidstrasse"). A tetrapylon could also have stood at this intersection; the Madabakarte (although moved too far to the south) attests to a gate system for the Byzantine period. The further course of the north-south axis in the Jewish quarter of the old town was excavated by Israeli archaeologists and made accessible to tourists; see: Cardo (Jerusalem) .

literature

  • Max Küchler : Jerusalem. A handbook and study guide to the Holy City , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-50170-2 .
  • Erhard Gorys, Andrea Gorys: Holy Land. A 10,000 year old cultivated land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan . 7th edition DuMont, Cologne 2009, ISBN 978-3-7701-6608-4 .

Web links

Commons : Suk Khan Az-Zait  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ronald L. Eisenberg: The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, what, why . Devora Publishing Company, 2006, pp. 50 (Strictly speaking, the ChaBa "D house is located in the Jewish quarter on the extension of this street, which is not called Rechov Bejt ChaBa" D, but Cardo.).
  2. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 106 (The name Säulentor is first attested in 985 by al-Muqadassi).
  3. ↑ a b Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 519 .
  4. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 535 .
  5. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 534 .
  6. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 521 .
  7. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 412 (There is no archaeological basis for dating the stones to the time of Solomon or Nehemiah. A second use of building materials from Herodian or Hadrian times by the master builder of Constantine would be possible.).
  8. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 412-413 .
  9. ↑ a b Erhard Gorys, Andrea Gorys: Heiliges Land . S. 82 .
  10. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 536 .
  11. ↑ Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 521 .
  12. ↑ a b Max Küchler: Jerusalem . S. 522 .
  13. ↑ Red Maimon: Tasting Hidden Treasures in Jerusalem's Old City. In: HaAretz. June 9, 2015, accessed March 5, 2018 .