Pine needle rust
| Pine needle rust | ||||||||||||
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Silver fir column grate on silver fir needles |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pucciniastrum epilobii | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) GH Otth |
The pine needle grate or white fir column grate ( Pucciniastrum epilobii ) is a rust fungus that lives on different fir trees in the haploid phase . In the dikaryotic phase it lives on fireweed , but also on fuchsia cultures , which is why it is also known as fuchsia rust in horticulture .
Features and life cycle
The on dead host plants such. B. Willowherb, overwintered teleutospores germinate in spring in damp weather to form a septate basidia , which constricts basidiospores. These, in turn, infect young pine needles through the spread of wind and the haplo phase begins . From the beginning to the middle of June, white, pin-shaped aecidia develop on the underside of the infected needles , which release yellow-orange-colored acidiospores when they are ripe. These spores, in turn, can only infect fireweed , where it first forms yellow uredo beds with uredospores and then later in autumn then brownish teleuto beds, thus closing the cycle.
Microscopic features
The uredolines are subepidermal on the underside of the leaf and burst the epidermis when ripe . The uredospores, which are not very fine, are individually stalked and have a few fine warts. They have a colorless wall and measure 13–18 × 17–24 µm. The dark colored parts form flat subepidermal beds. The teleutospores are thin-walled. The acidia are also located subepidermally on the underside of the leaf and are cylindrical-flat. They measure 120 to 30 μm in diameter and are approx. 1 mm high. The yellow aecidiospores are chain-like, fine-black, 15 × 19 µm in size and with an elongated smooth spot.
Ecology and diffusion
The pine needle rust belongs to the heterozygotic rust fungi, which means that it occurs in its development on two different, systematically unrelated host plants. In the haploid phase, firs count , in Central Europe therefore primarily the white fir , otherwise also the Greek fir , the Nordmann fir , the coastal fir and the Colorado fir . In North America, besides the latter two species, it also attacks the purple fir , the rocky fir and the balsam fir . In the dikaryotic phase they switch to types of the evening primrose family , in Europe mainly to various willowherb, especially the narrow-leaved willowherb . But it is also known from fuchsia cultures , although only the uredo camps are known here. In North America, rust is also found on the summer azalea .
Pucciniastrum epilobii has a very wide distribution. In addition to Europe, it is also known in North America, Guatemala, Ecuador, China, Australia and New Zealand.
Systematics
The pine needle rust was described as Uredo pustulata by Christian Hendrik Persoon as early as 1801 . In 1861 Gustav Heinrich Otth gave him the name that is still valid. The occurrence on fuchsia was first identified as a separate species as Pucciniastrum fuchsiae Hirats. described. Gäumann recognized, however, that it is the same species as Pucciniastrum epilobii . Poelt and Zwetko suggested dividing it into two forms: Pucciniastrum epilobii f.sp. abieti-chamaenerii with host change to fireweed and Pucciniastrum epilobii f.sp. palustris on fuchsia. But it is still the same species.
activities
Even with repeated infestation, the fir is only rarely seriously endangered, most likely in young crops. With the obligatory change of host, the disease is most effectively combated by removing the intermediate host (fireweed). A form of biological pest control worth mentioning is a migrant shepherd who drives his flock of sheep through a pine culture so quickly that the fireweed is eaten but the fir trees are not bitten. In horticulture, on the other hand, fuchsia rust is seen as a serious disease and is treated with fungicides .
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedemann Klenke, Markus Scholler: Plant parasitic small mushrooms. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-642-55330-1 .
- ↑ a b c Common Tree Diseases of British Columbia: Fir - Fireweed Rust
- ↑ a b Forst TU Munich ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Outdoor station of the University of Tübingen am Oberjoch: Pucciniastrum Otth ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ GBIF portal: Pucciniastrum epilobii
- ^ E. Gäumann: The rust fungi of Central Europe with special consideration of Switzerland . In: Contributions to the cryptogam flora of Switzerland 12. Büchler & Co., Bern 1959.
- ↑ J. Poelt, P. Zwetko: Die Rostpilze Österreichs . In: Biosystematics and Ecology Series No. 12. 2. revised and expanded edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, issue 1 Uredinales, 365 pages, publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences 1997. Volume editors: Wilfried Morawetz & Hans Winkler Institute for Botany, University of Vienna
- ↑ Species Fungorum
- ↑ Deutsche Fuchsiengesellschaft e. V .: Fungal diseases
literature
- Heinz Butin : Diseases of the forest and park trees . Georg Thieme, 1983, ISBN 3-13-639002-4
- B. Metzler: Fir needle rust Pucciniastrum epilobii . (Pers.) Otth. FVA Forest Protection Info 2/2006.
- Forst TU Munich
