Tarquinius

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Etruscan wall painting from Caere, 6th century BC Chr.

Tarquinius is the name of a Roman family with Etruscan roots. Several of the Roman kings from early Rome came from her family.

etymology

Tarquinius is the Latin equivalent of the Etruscan name tarqu (n) -na , also tarcna or tarχna . The name goes back to the Aegean-Aegean god Tarku, who was assimilated with the immigration of the Etruscans in Italy and became the hero Tarchon of the Etruscan people. Two Roman families derive their name from the root form tarchna : Tarquinius and Tarquitius . Both are documented by the Etruscan grave finds from Caere , whereby the name Tarquitius is found there even more frequently.

During the Roman Republic, Tarquins are recorded in Rome. This is a bit surprising as it is said in tradition that the whole family was evicted after the last Roman king. The documented presence of the Tarquins in the later republican Rome meant that Dionysius of Halicarnassus had to naturalize two Tarquins (M. and P. Tarquinius) in his Roman history in order to explain the family's presence in Rome.

The name is rarely found in the imperial era. In contrast, the women's name "Tarquinia" is relatively common.

The Etruscans in Rome

Rome before the Etruscans

The oldest settlements on urban Roman soil were on the hills in the form of village communities. According to Andreas Alföldi one could show "that the pre-Etruscan Rome was a double community of Latins on the Palatine and Sabines on the Quirinal, united by an archaic state order that encompassed all areas of life - religion, politics, economy and society". Scientists are divided on whether the Etruscans or the Latins claimed the place first . However, there are no archaeological finds that would suggest a recent immigration of Latins. As a result, the Latins would be the "Aborigines" of the region, as Titus Livius calls them in his work, Ab urbe condita .

The first Etruscan phase

In the 7th century, Etruscan nobles were found in the area for the first time. Opinions differ as to whether Rome was named after an Etruscan aristocratic family who formed the villages on the hills into a city and then gave it its name. It is possible that there were already Etruscan kings in this period, but this cannot be proven. Not much source material exists from this period, so that the forms of society have to be constructed mainly from inferences.

The second Etruscan phase

The second Etruscan phase falls in the 6th century BC. The first records of the Tarquinian family exist from this period. They express themselves in the form of traditions that accompany the beginnings of buildings such as the temple on the Capitol , the Circus Maximus , the Cloaca Maxima and the creation of the Latin Confederation . The introduction of the triumphal procession , the insignia and the fasces are also attributed to the Tarquinians, as are cultural achievements such as the chariot and circus games. It is worth mentioning the Etruscan building from the Tarquin period, the Tullianum , which is the only one to have survived and can still be seen in Rome today.

The proud Romans have always perceived the Tarquins as haunting and their rule as taking over a foreign power, although at the same time they have taken over and integrated much of their culture and knowledge. They found Etruscan rule during the founding time of Rome to be much too shameful and in this dilemma the historians, especially Quintus Fabius Pictor , created a more bearable version of the legend about the Tarquins for the appearance of the Tarquins in their annals.

Johann Jakob Bachofen writes:

“The incredible fury with which Rome destroyed Etruria and wiped out all traces of its civilization has not been able to deprive us of any monument of this kind. After the fall of the people, their entire literature, even their language, a part of the Etruscan language has been preserved in Roman history. For a century the later victorious people are a dependence of the last conquered. Three mighty princes of Etruscan descent complete the series of Roman kings. In their history the image of the powerful neighboring people is reflected, in their myths the whole world of thought of the time. "

The kings of the Tarquin period

Tomba Francois from the 4th century. On the right, the depiction of the murder of Cnaeve Tarchunies Rumach by Marce Camitlnas

It is not known how many Roman kings came from the Tarquinian family in the second Etruscan phase, but it is reasonably certain that there were several. The interposition of Servius Tullius between two Tarquin kings in the Roman tradition indicates that the Tarquinians were in power with interruptions and that the last Roman king was probably a Tarquin.

The only named Tarquinian is Cnaeve Tarchunies Rumach, Latin Gnaeus Tarquinius of the Romans. It is passed down in the painting of Tomba Francois from Vulci , as is his murder by Marce Camitlnas. The painting dates from around 300 BC. BC, several centuries after the Tarquin period, but it is older than all annals and pontifical chronicles. It is assumed that it is accessing an older template. The painting depicts the assassination of the king, but not the overthrow of royalty. It can therefore be assumed that Cn. Tarquinius was not the last Roman king.

The opinion among scholars is not clear whether both the good king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , and the bad king , Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , are pure fiction. Fritz Schachermeyr , whose articles about the Tarquins are recognized, takes the view that the only reliable tradition is the presence of the Tarquins in general. Therefore, neither of the two people can be assumed to be historical.

Lore

The oldest Roman historian, Quintus Fabius Pictor , provides the first version of the family tree of the Tarquinians as we later know it from Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Titus Livius . It is believed that the written source that Quintus Fabius Pictor had came from an introduction to the consullists. It was probably made around 300 BC at the earliest. Written by a priest. It is also believed that the original source tells the deeds of a single Tarquin king and that Quintus Fabius Pictor divided the story between two characters.

Robert Maxwell Ogilvie writes in his comments:

"Their very names, Priscus and Superbus, are the work of subsequent differentiation and a comparison of the deeds attributed to them displays an unhealthy duplication. Both are credited with the building of the cloacae , the circus, and the beginning of the Capitoline temple. Both engaged in successful operations against the Latins (Apiolae and Pometia): Both were driven on by ambitious women. Yet Priscus and Superbus cannot be identified. The Etruscan domination of Rome begins in the period 625-600 and at the other end 510 is a firm date for the expulsion of a king who can only be a Tarquin. We should rather believe that tradition accurately preserved the memory of an Etruscan era at Rome lasting for a century with possible interruptions (Servius Tullius) during which the Tarquin family maintained a dynastic rule. "

Quintus Fabius Pictor was already missing important details such as the order, number and even some names of the Roman kings from verifiable sources such as inscriptions, buildings and traditions. He recognized that there had been several kings from the Tarquinian family and built the story of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus from them.

However, he did not endeavor to ensure chronological correctness and this fact has led to fluctuations and inconsistencies in the following traditions. Whether Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was a son or grandson of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus is irrelevant, since it was also about 38 years of government activity by L. Tarquinius Priscus and 25 years by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, in particular wars and events of war to invent more or less.

Dionysius of Halikarnossus, for example, for these very reasons, following the story of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi , incorporated unknown generations into the story in order to bridge chronological difficulties. His family tree is shown below.


Family tree of the Tarquinians after Dionysius of Halikarnossos


Livy held back and writes: “This L. Tarquinius - whether he was a son or a grandson of King Tarquinius Priscus is not entirely clear; However, with the majority of the sources I would like to refer to him as his son. ”With this attitude he avoided many consequential problems.

Further discrepancies can also be found in the data of the individual Tarquins. For example, L. Tarquinius Superbus fled first to Caere with Livius and to Gabii with Dionysius. After Livy, his son Sextus dies in Gabii , after Dionysius he dies in the battle at Lake Regilius .

Family members

The following table lists people of the Tarquin family who were involved in the Roman royal era or who received research attention. The table is therefore incomplete with regard to the tradition of all known family members of the Tarquinians. Those interested can consult the Epigraphic Database Heidelberg or the Epigraphic Database Clauss-Slaby , which contain many inscriptions and grave finds from Tarquiniern.

List of Tarquinians
Surname f / h Period (± century) Description (note is fictional / historical)
Arruns Tarquinius f -7. Son of Demaratos , elder brother of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
Arruns Tarquinius Egerius f -7./6. Grandson of Demaratos
Arruns Tarquinius f -6. Brother of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Arruns Tarquinius f -6. Son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus f -7./6. 5th Roman king
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus f -6./5. 7th Roman king
Tarquinia f -6. Daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
Tullia f -6. Elderly daughter of Tarquinia
Tullia f -6./5. Younger daughter of Tarquinia
Sextus Tarquinius f -6. Son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Titus Tarquinius f -6./5. Son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Gnaeus Tarquinius H -6. Roman king. Narrated as Cnaeve Tarchunies Rumach
Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus f -6./5. First Consul of the Roman Republic
Lucius Junius Brutus f -6. First Consul of the Roman Republic
L. Tarquinius Flaccus not clear -5. Patrician and equestrian leader under Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
Lucius Tarquinius H -1. Participant of the Catilinarian Conspiracy
M. Tarquinius f -6. Said to have exposed conspiracy
P. Tarquinius f -6. Said to have exposed conspiracy
Lucius Tarquinius Amianthus and Tarquinia Paederos H 1. Released couple
  1. ↑ f = fictional, h = historical

literature

Web links

Individual notes

  1. ^ A Commentary on Livy . Robert Maxwell Ogilvie , Books 1-5. Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, January 2016. p. 141.
  2. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2348.60-2349.20.
  3. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2349.30.
  4. ↑ Tarquin 11 . Friedrich Münzer, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2390.30.
  5. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2349.20-30.
  6. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2354.
  7. ↑ Early Rome and the Latins . Andreas Alföldi, Darmstadt 1977, p. 184.
  8. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2355.
  9. ↑ Liv. 1,1,5. Titus Livius Roman history , books I – III, translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987.
  10. ↑ Early Rome and the Latins . Andreas Alföldi, Darmstadt 1977, p. 176.
  11. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2355.60; see the chapter "Etymology" in Rome .
  12. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2356.20.
  13. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2356.30.
  14. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2361.
  15. ^ A Commentary on Livy. Robert Maxwell Ogilvie , Books 1-5. Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, January 2016. p. 142-143.
  16. ^ The saga of Tanaquil: An investigation into orientalism in Rome and Italy, Johann Jakob Bachofen, Heidelberg 1870, p. Vi.
  17. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2362.
  18. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2362.
  19. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2362.
  20. ^ "The excellent discussion by Schachermeyr in RE, Tarquinius has not yet been superseded." A Commentary on Livy . Robert Maxwell Ogilvie , Books 1-5. Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, January 2016. p. 142.
  21. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2362.60.
  22. ↑ Early Rome and the Latins . Andreas Alföldi, Darmstadt 1977, p. 193.
  23. ^ A Commentary on Livy, Books 1-5 . RM Ogilvie, Oxford University Press 1965, p. 145.
  24. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2353.10.
  25. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2362.40.
  26. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2351.10.
  27. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2354.30.
  28. ↑ Tarquinius . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2351.40.
  29. ↑ Liv. 1.46.4. Titus Livius Roman History , Book I – III, translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987, p. 121.
  30. ↑ Tarquin 7 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2388.60.
  31. ^ Tarquinius 1 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2367.
  32. ↑ Tarquinius 2 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2367.
  33. ↑ Tarquinius 3 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2367.
  34. ↑ Tarquinius 4 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2367.
  35. ^ Tarquinius 6 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2369-2380.
  36. ↑ Tarquin 7 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2380-2389.
  37. ↑ Liv. 1.39.4. Titus Livius Roman History . Book I – III. Translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987; Dion. Hal. ant. 4.28. Dionysius of Halikarnass: prehistory of the Romans . Gottfried Jakob Schaller, Volume 1, Stuttgart 1827.
  38. ↑ Liv. 1.46.5. Titus Livius Roman History . Book I – III. Translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987.
  39. ↑ Liv. 1.46.5. Titus Livius Roman History . Book I – III. Translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987.
  40. ↑ Tarquin 14 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2391.
  41. ↑ Tarquin 15 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2391.
  42. ^ Tarquinius 5 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2368.
  43. ^ Tarquinius 8 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2389.
  44. ↑ Liv. 3.27.1. Titus Livius Roman History . Book I – III. Translated by Hans Jürgen Hillen, Düsseldorf and Zurich, 1987; Tarquin 9 . Fritz Schachermeyr, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Sp. 2389; see also Friedrich Münzer : Tarquitius 6 . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2392. and A Commentary on Livy . Books 1–5. RM Ogilvie, Oxford 1956, p. 442.
  45. ^ Tarquinius 10 . Friedrich Münzer, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2390.
  46. ↑ Tarquin 11 . Friedrich Münzer, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2390.
  47. ↑ Tarquinius 12 . Friedrich Münzer, Paulys Realencyclopadie der classical antiquity (RE). Volume IV A, 2, Stuttgart 1932, Col. 2390.
  48. ↑ CIL 06, 4657 .