Temple of Hercules Musarum

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Reconstructed site plan of the Temple of Hercules Musarum based on the fragments of the FUR , encompassed by the later built Porticus Philippi

The Temple of Hercules Musarum ( Temple of Hercules of the Muses ; Latin aedes Herculis Musarum ) was a presumed in the year 179 BC. Consecrated sanctuary on the field of Mars in Rome .

189 BC BC there was a Roman-Syrian war between Rome and the Seleucid Empire , whose king Antiochus III. was already on the verge of defeat. In central Greece, the Aetolian League , which was connected to it, launched an offensive against the Macedonian King Philip V , who was connected to Rome, which called on Rome's newly elected consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior . Fulvius Nobilior succeeded in gaining the upper hand with his troops and limited himself to siege and annexation during the preparatory negotiations for the peace of Apamea in the strategically important Ambrakia in Greece. On his return to Rome, he may have donated the Temple of Hercules to the Muses as part of a triumph granted to him in the same year . He had this built at the Circus Flaminius and a copy of the Fasti installed in it. From his spoils of war in Ambrakia, he also donated nine muse statues by unknown artists to the temple.

The temple underwent a complete renovation at the latest under Augustus. This went back to the Spanish governor Lucius Marcius Philippus , who built the Porticus Philippi and renovated the temple as part of his triumph .

It is not fully established when the temple was put to its intended use. Lawrence Richardson Jr. assumes that he was born in 185 BC at the earliest. Was consecrated. However, the majority of the sources used Eumenius and the temple in Fulvius' censor year 179 BC. Dated.

In the north, parts of the foundation and massive blocks of tuff from opus quadratum have been archaeologically proven. It is a small section of the circular wall of the round temple from the 2nd century BC. BC, but sufficient for a valid reconstruction, which assigns a diameter of about 11.50 m to the building. On the fragments of the Severan Forma Urbis Romae (FUR), the temple with the Porticus Philippi that surrounds it, but which dates from the Augustan period, appears almost completely preserved. A statue base was found in the area of ​​the temple, the inscription of which names the consul Fulvius Nobilior as the founder and proves the origin of the statue from Ambrakia. His censorship is not mentioned.

Access to the sanctuary was from Circus Flaminius . The FUR allows an interpretation of two serrated wings as a podium, over which a staircase between the wings led to the podium of the sanctuary. In the middle and between the wings stood a circular structure that is interpreted as a round altar (see diagram). An exedra cut into the back of the podium of the sanctuary . Filippo Coarelli interprets the sanctuary itself as a round central building with a dome and a tetrastyle pronaos in front . The Fasti of Fulvius are reconstructed here, and the muses could also have stood on the podium. Andreas Grüner recognizes a round, hypäthral courtyard with a portico in front.

The monastery buildings belonging to the church of Sant'Ambrogio della Massima were built above the temple .

literature

  • Jon Albers: Campus Martius. The urban development of the Field of Mars from the Republic to the Middle Imperial Period. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013, pp. 71–73. 108.
  • Filippo Coarelli : Il Campo Marzio. Dalle origini alla fine della Repubblica. Quasar, Rome 1997, p. 478.
  • Andreas Grüner : The Pantheon of Agrippa: Architectural form and urban context. In: Gerd Graßhoff, Michael Heinzelmann, Markus Wäfler (eds.): The Pantheon in Rome. Contributions to the Conference Bern, November 9–12, 2006 (= Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. Volume 1). University of Bern, Bern 2009, pp. 41–68 ( repository ).
  • Andreas Grüner: The Pantheon and its role models. In: Roman communications . Volume 111, 2004, pp. 495-512.
  • Mario Martina: Aedes Herculis Musarum. In: Dialoghi di Archeologia. Nuova Series, Vol. 3, 1981, pp. 46-48.
  • CEV Nixon, Barbara Saylor Rodgers: In Praise of Later Roman Emperors. The Panegyrici Latini. Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of RAB Mynors (= Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Volume 21). University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles / Oxford 1994 (includes the eleven Panegyrici from late antiquity).
  • Lawrence Richardson Jr .: Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome. In: American Journal of Archeology . Volume 81, 1977, pp. 355-61.
  • Alessandro Viscogliosi: Hercules Musarum, Aedes In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae . Volume 3. Quasar, Rome 1996, pp. 17-19.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Suetonius , Divus Augustus 29,5 (online) ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thelatinlibrary.com
  2. ^ John D. Grainger: The Roman War of Antiochos the Great. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2002, p. 339.
  3. ^ Cicero , Archias 27 (online) .
  4. ↑ Macrobius , Saturnalia 1.12 ( online ).
  5. ↑ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis historia 35,66.
  6. ↑ Ovid , Fasti 6,799-812; see. James George Frazer : Ovid's Fasti. Text and English translation. Heinemann, London 1931, reprint 1959 ( archive.org ); Tacitus , Annals 3,72,1; Samuel Ball Platner , Thomas Ashby : A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press, London 1929, p. 255 ( online ).
  7. ^ Lawrence Richardson Jr .: Hercules Musarum and the Porticus Philippi in Rome. In: American Journal of Archeology , Volume 81, 1977, pp. 355, 357.
  8. ↑ Eumenius inst. schol. 7.2-3; Ed .: CEV Nixon, BS Rodgers: In Praise of Later Roman Emperors. The Panegyrici Latini . Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of RAB Mynors. Berkeley / Los Angeles / Oxford 1994.
  9. ↑ M. Martina: Aedes Herculis Musarum. In: Dialoghi di Archeologia , Nuova Serie, Volume 3, 1981, pp. 46-48.
  10. ^ Jon Albers: Campus Martius. The urban development of the Field of Mars from the Republic to the Middle Imperial Period. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2013, pp. 71–73, 108.
  11. ↑ Alessandro Viscogliosi: Hercules Musarum, Aedes. In: Eva Margareta Steinby (Ed.): Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae . Volume 5, Quasar, Rome 1997, p. 19.
  12. ↑ FUR : fragments: 31bb; 31dd; 31eeff.
  13. ↑ CIL 06, 01307
  14. ^ Filippo Coarelli : Il Campo Marzio. Dalle Origini alla Fina della Repubblica. Quasar, Rome 1997, p. 478.
  15. ↑ Andreas Grüner: The Pantheon and its models. In: Römische Mitteilungen , Volume 111, 2004, pp. 495-512.
  16. ^ Plan by Rodolfo Lanciani