Tiwaz (sun god)

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Libation sacrifice to the sun god Tiwaz (right, with winged sun ) and the moon god Arma (left with crescent moon). Relief from Arslantepe.

Tiwaz (root form: Tiwad-) was the Luwian sun god. He was one of the main Luwian deities.

Surname

The name of the Proto-Anatolian sun god can be reconstructed as * Diuod- and is an extension of the Indo-European root * de- "shine, shine". While the Palai Tiyaz and the Luwian Tiwaz retained their function as sun gods and played a prominent role in the pantheon, the Hittite Šiwaz faded into a god of the day, especially of the day of death, alongside the sun goddess of Arinna .

In the cuneiform Luwian of the Bronze Age, his name was Tiwad- . It could also be written with the sumerogram d UTU ("God of the Sun"). In the hierglyphic Luwian of the Iron Age it was written as Tiwad or with the ideogram (DEUS) SOL (“God of the Sun”).

The name of the gods rarely appears in personal names. The oldest evidence comes from the 19th century BC. In Kültepe as Tiwatia . The hieroglyphic Luwian name Azatiwada ("Beloved by Tiwaz") lived on in the Pamphylian place name Aspendos ; the locals called the place Estwedi- (ΕΣΤϜΕΔΙΙΥ) according to the identification of the coins . In contrast to other Luwian god names, the sun god no longer appears in Hellenistic-South Anatolian personal names. Only the Lycian woman's name Tewidarma (Τευδιαρμα; "sun moon") is known. The Lydian patronymic Tiwdalis must also come from the Luwian.

It also appears in the Hittite mountain name ḪUR.SAG Tiwatašša, which is located in southwestern Anatolia.

function

Tiwaz was the male sun god inherited from the Indo-European , while the Hittites replaced him with the hattic sun goddess of Arinna.

Tiwaz was called father several times during the Bronze Age (kluw. Tatis Tiwaz ; cf. Lithuanian tėvas , dt. 'Father') and once the "great Tiwaz" (kluw. Urazza- d UTU -az ) was invoked together with the father gods (kluw . tatinzi maššaninzi ).

His bronze temporal epithet Tiwaz the oath (kluw. Ḫirutalla- d UTU -az ) shows him as Eidgott. He received sheep sacrifices, raw meat and bread. The Luwian verb tiwadani- ("curse") is derived from the name of the sun god .

According to Hittite testimonies, Tiwaz and Kamrušipa were the parents of the patron god of Tauriša . Like Kamrušipa, Tiwaz is more closely associated with sheep. The deity Ḫapantali , who acts together with Kamrušipa in purification rituals, tends his sheep in the Telipinum myth . His entourage also includes the Ilaliyanteš , who usually appear in bad situations.

Sun deity of the earth

In the Hittite and Hurrian religions, the sun goddess of the earth occupied an important place in the cult of the dead, and she was regarded as the mistress of the world of the dead. For the Luwians there is a testimony from the Bronze Age that the sun deity of the earth (kluw. Tiyamašši- d U -za ) names: “If he lives, Tiwaz should redeem him; if he is dead, the sun deity of the earth should redeem him. “ ( Cuneiform texts from Boğazköy , 35.48 ii 19.23).

presentation

There are no known Bronze Age depictions of the Luwian sun god. Two reliefs date from the Iron Age, each depicting Tiwaz together with the moon god Arma . He can be recognized by the winged sun above his head. The portrait from Arslantepe clearly resembles the representation of the sun god from the Hittite shrine Yazılıkaya .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ilya Yakubovich: Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. Dissertation, Chicago 2008, p. 269 f. ( PDF; 2.2 MB ).
  2. ↑ Volkert Haas: The goddess Ḫapantali (yes) and the sheep. In: Piotr Taracha (ed.): Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Maciej Popko on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday . Agade, Warsaw 2002, ISBN 978-8-387-11112-0 , pp. 143-146.

literature

See also