Sile (Egypt)

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Sile in hieroglyphics
G41 G1 Aa1
X1 		G17 Z7 S20 O1
N35 		G47 Z1 E23 Z1 M17 Z7 T14 N25 O49

Pa-chetem-en-Tjaru
P3-ḫtm-n-Ṯ3rw
The fort of Tjaru
G47 r
t O49

Tjaru
Ṯ3rw
Greek Zele, Sile (Σελη)

Sile (also Tjaru, Tharo, Djaru, Zaru ; Arabic Tell Abu Sefeh ; ancient Egyptian Pa -chetem-en-tjaru ; Akkadian sillu ) was an Egyptian fortress that was located in the eastern delta on today's Suez Canal and was used by the kings of the 18th and 19th centuries . Dynasty was used.

history

Sile (Egypt) (Egypt)
Migdol Ramses III.
Migdol Ramses III.
Sile
Sile
Sile and Migdol of Ramses III. in Egypt

The place name Tjaru is first attested in the Middle Kingdom in the statement "Dua-Cheti, the man of Tjaru". Ahmose I from the 18th dynasty "fought the Hyksos in Tjaru". A note on the mathematical papyrus Rhind shows that in the second peret month (beginning of February) of the eleventh year of Chamudi’s reign (1533/32 BC) Ahmose I (eighteenth year of reign) took Heliopolis and about half a year later on 25. Achet I recaptured Sile at the time of the flood of the Nile (mid-August).

In the Amarna letter EA 288 Sile was referred to as "sillu" in Akkadian. Ramses II started his campaign from Sile to Kadesh . Sile also served as a starting point for expeditions on the Horusweg , the main trade route, to the regions of Retjenu , Amurru and Naharina . After the Hyksos had been driven out , Sile was primarily built as a defense against any new conquest attacks from the Asian region. The boundary walls were 13 meters thick and were built from burnt mud bricks. The fortress, 500 meters × 250 meters, was also the largest defensive castle in a series of ten other fortifications near the border, such as the Migdol des Ramses III. A deep moat was dug around the facility to keep attackers away. 24 watchtowers were integrated into the outer walls.

The archaeological excavations began in 1991 as part of the Sinai Archeology Project , led by Mohammed Abdul Maqsoud. In the second half of 2007, the excavation finds were published. Traces of volcanic ash and 20  pumice stone fragments were found in the residential complexes and graves , dating back to the 16th century BC. To date. Zahi Hawass and other scientists therefore see a connection with the volcanic eruption on Santorini . Trade winds could have transported the volcanic ash into the Nile Delta . Georges Vougioukalakis, Greek geologist, suspects that the pumice fragments reached Egypt with the ocean current. Reference is by some scientists on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I made. A natural catastrophe is reported: "Of tremendous roar and days of darkness all over Egypt", which corresponds to a typical side effect of a volcanic eruption. Other scholars are of the opinion that this "storm" is to be interpreted symbolically as a state of devastation in Egypt after the end of the Hyksos period. So far, archeology has not been able to detect any trace of an ash layer during the reign of Ahmose I in Auaris or Lower Egypt .

The "storm" occurred between the eleventh and the 22nd year of Ahmose I's reign. According to Jürgen von Beckerath's dating, the catastrophe should have occurred between 1539 BC. BC to 1528 BC Have taken place. However, recent studies have shown that the volcanic eruption on Santorini occurred between 1627 and 1600 BC. Occurred.

See also

literature

  • Reinhard Grieshammer: Sile . In: Wolfgang Helck (Ed.): Lexicon of Egyptology . tape V . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1984, ISBN 3-447-02489-5 , pp. 946-947 .
  • Rainer Hannig : Large concise dictionary of Egyptian-German. (2800-950 BC). The language of the pharaohs ( Hannig-Lexica 1 = cultural history of the ancient world . Vol. 64). von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-1771-9 .
  • James K. Hoffmeier: Ancient Israel in Sinai. The evidence for the authenticity of the wilderness tradition. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2005, ISBN 0-19-515546-7 .
  • William J. Murnane: Texts from the Amarna period in Egypt (= Writings from the ancient world. Vol. 5). Scholars Press, Atlanta GA 1995, ISBN 1-55540-965-2 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rainer Hannig: Large Concise Dictionary Egyptian-German: (2800–950 BC). P. 1179.
  2. ↑ Horst Beinlich: The Book of Fayum. On the religious self-understanding of an Egyptian landscape (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. Vol. 52 (recte: 51)). Text tape. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1991, ISBN 3-447-03117-4 , p. 216 ( line 793 ).
  3. ^ Reinhard Grieshammer: Sile. In: Lexicon of Egyptology. Vol. V, p. 946.
  4. ^ Dating according to Jürgen von Beckerath .
  5. ↑ Karen Polinger Foster, Robert K. Ritner: text, storms, and the Thera eruption. In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies . Vol. 55, No. 1, 1996, ISSN  0022-2968 , pp. 1-14.
  6. ↑ Malcolm H. Wiener, James P. Allen: Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Theran Eruption. In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Vol. 57, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-28.
  7. ↑ Press release on the test results.

Coordinates: 30 ° 51 ′ 26 ″  N , 32 ° 21 ′ 2 ″  E