Hyeong

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Korean spelling
Korean alphabet : 형
Hanja : 形 / 型
Revised Romanization : hyeong
McCune-Reischauer : hyŏng

Hyeong (often written Hyong ) is the designation of prescribed sequences of movements (see form (martial arts) ) in many Korean martial arts . In the following, the system of forms of traditional Taekwondo is mainly discussed.

In traditional Taekwondo there are 20 Hyeong. From them the 24 Teul (often written Tul ) were developed by General Choi Hong Hi . The system of forms with the classic 20 Hyeongs is called "Chang-Hon" after the author's name, General Chois. Their philosophical background mostly goes back to Korean legends, patriots, or other parts of Korean history. They serve to train movement sequences, to increase concentration, to practice basic techniques and basic positions and to develop one's own movement style. The number 24 comes from the number of hours in a day.

The individual Hyeongs

The names used correspond to the transcription for the Korean language after the Revised Romanization . If other transcriptions are used, these are also given in the description of the Hyeong.

Hyeong Traditional order Order of teul ITF-D: necessary for Number of movements
Cheon-ji 1 1 8th and 7th cup 19th
Dan gun 2 2 7. and 6. Kup 21st
Thu-San 3 3 6th and 5th cup 24
Won-hyo 4th 4th 5th and 4th cup 28
Yul-Gok 5 5 4th and 3rd cup 38
Jung-Geun 6th 6th 3rd and 2nd cup 32
Toi-gye 7th 7th 2nd and 1st cup 37
Hwa rank 8th 8th 1st Kup and 1st Dan 29
Chung-mu 9 9 1st Dan 30th
Gwang-Gae 10 10 2nd Dan 39
Po-eun 11 11 2nd Dan 36
Gye-Baek 12 12 2nd Dan 44
Eui-Am - 13 3rd Dan 45
Chung-Jang 14th 14th 3rd Dan 52
Juche - 15th 3rd Dan 45
Sam-Il 16 16 4th Dan 33
Yu-Sin 13 17th 4th Dan 68
Choe-yeong 18th 18th 4th Dan 45
Yeon-Gae - 19th 5th Dan 49
Eul-Ji 15th 20th 5th Dan 42
Mun-mu - 21st 5th Dan 61
Seo-san - 22nd 6th Dan 72
Se-Jong 19th 23 6th Dan 24
Tong-Il 20th 24 7th Dan 56
Go-Dang 17th - - 39

The 20 original Hyeongs

Cheon-ji

Cor. 천지 / 天地 • 19 movements • also: Chon-Ji

Heaven and Earth. The name stands as a symbol for the beginning and the beginning of something new.

Dan gun

단군 / 檀 君 • 21 movements • also: Tan-Gun

According to Korean legend, Dangun was the son of a god and a human woman. In 2333 BC he founded Chr. Today's Korea.

Thu-San

도산 / 島 山 • 24 movements • also: To-San

The Korean patriot Ahn Changho adopted this name. He stood for independence and education in Korea.

Won-hyo

원효 / 元 曉 • 28 movements

Won-Hyo was a Buddhist monk in the year 686 , during the Silla dynasty , the Buddhism introduced reformed and in Korea.

Yul-Gok

율곡 / 栗 谷 • 38 movements • also: Yul-Kok

Yi I was a philosopher and scholar. He adopted this pseudonym . The 38 movements stand for the 38th parallel on which the birthplace of Yi-I lies. The diagram of the Hyeong is identical to the Chinese character 士 (Chin. Shì , Kor. Sa ), which means "scholar".

Jung-Geun

중근 / 重 根 • 32 movements • also: Chung-Gun

An Chung-gun was a Korean nationalist who carried out a fatal attack on Itō Hirobumi , the first Japanese governor-general for Korea. His military resistance to foreign control of Korea is now interpreted as patriotic by parts of today's local population .

The 32 movements represent the age at which An Chung-gun was executed for the assassination attempt in 1910.

Toi-gye

퇴계 / 退溪 • 37 movements

The scholar and writer Yi Hwang (16th century) was engaged in natural healing arts and was a respected figure in the field of New Confucianism . The step diagram shows the Hangul symbol for "Scholar". The 37 movements of the Hyeong refer to his place of birth on the 37th parallel.

Hwa rank

화랑 / 花 郎 • 29 movements

King Chin Hung started a youth organization in 576 which he called Hwarang (Flower Boy). This group eventually gained so much power that they eventually united the three kingdoms of Goguryeo , Silla and Baekje into Korea. The 29 movements represent the 29th Infantry Division, in which Taekwon-Do was mainly developed.

Chung-mu

충무 / 忠武 • 30 movements

Chung-Mu was the pseudonym for Admiral Yi Sun-sin during the Yi Dynasty . He invented the first armored warship ( turtle ship ) in 1592 . With the help of this boat, Yi Sun-sin succeeded in cutting off supplies from the Japanese invaders by sea during the Imjin War, forcing the Japanese to retreat.

The shape ends with an attacking movement with the left hand, symbolizing his unfortunate death before he had the opportunity to prove his great potential, which was curbed by the forced loyalty to his king.

Gwang-Gae

광개 / 廣 開 • 39 movements • also: Kwang-Gae

This Hyeong is named after the 19th king in the Goguryeo dynasty , who expanded the Korean settlements. The Hyeong diagram represents the expansion and recapture of the lost territories, including Manchuria . The 39 movements refer to the first two numbers of the year of the accession to the throne 391 AD. The rule of Gwanggaeto- Wang ( 광개토 ) lasted 22 years.

Po-eun

포은 / 圃 隱 • 36 movements

The physicist and poet Jeong Mong-ju (1337-1392) acquired this synonym . The poem: "I would not serve anyone else, even if I were crucified 100 times for it!" Is known to almost every Korean.

Gye-Baek

계백 / 階 伯 • 44 movements • also: Ge-Baek

Gye-Baek-Hyeong was named after an important general.

Yu-Sin

유신 / 庾信 • 68 movements • also: Yoo-Sin

General Kim Yu-Shin is the namesake of the 13th Hyeong of traditional Taekwondo . Together with China and the Hwarang organization operating in Korea (see also Hwa-Rang Hyeong ), he was instrumental in the unification of the tripartite Korea. The 68 movements of the Yu-Sin-Hyeong represent the year of unification (668).

Chung-Jang

충장 / 忠 壯 • 52 movements • also: Chung-Yang

General and poet Kim Duk-Ryang (Yi dynasty) adopted this pseudonym. He died in prison at the age of 27.

Eul-Ji

을지 / 乙 支 • 42 movements • also: Ul-Ji

General Ul-Ji managed to defend Korea against nearly a million Chinese invaders around 612.

Sam-Il

삼일 / 三 一 • 33 movements

Sam-Il means "March 1st " and goes back to the March 1st movement . On March 1, 1919, many Koreans demonstrated non-violently for independence from Japan . After reading a declaration of independence, the Japanese colonial administration had the demonstration broken up with the use of force.

The 33 movements are reminiscent of the 33 Koreans who organized the independence movement.

Go-Dang

고당 / 古 堂 • 39 movements • also: Ko-Dang

The Korean Cho Man-sik was a nationalist and campaigned for the independence movement in Korea. He gave himself the pseudonym Ko-Dang and is considered a patriot there.

Choe-yeong

최영 / 崔榮 • 45 movements • also: Choi-Yong

General Choe-Yeong ( Goryeo Dynasty) was a loyal general in the Korean army at the time. He was executed by the future king, General Yi Song-Gae.

Se-Jong

세종 / 世宗 • 24 movements • also: Se-Yong

This Hyeong was named after the Korean King Sejong . He is the inventor of the Korean alphabet . He also had a planetarium built. Se-Yong-Hyeong consists of 24 movements, corresponding to the 24 basic letters of the Korean alphabet. The step diagram stands for king in Chinese.

Tong-Il

통일 / 統一 • 56 movements

Tong-Il (Korean: union ) is a goal of all Koreans. In 1945, after World War II, Korea was divided into North and South Korea by the ideological conflict between the Soviet Union and the USA . The Hyeong step diagram symbolizes the reunification of North and South.

Additional / exchanged hyeongs

Eui-Am

의암 / 義 菴 • 45 movements

Son Byong Hi took on this synonym. On March 1, 1919, he led the Korean independence movement, see also the 16th Hyeong: Sam-Il.

Juche

주체 / 主體 • 45 movements

It is said that the Juche ideology comes from Baekdu Mountain, which symbolizes the spirit of the Korean people. The sequence of steps represents this mountain. (General Choi replaced Ko-Dang with this Hyeong)

Yeon-Gae

연개 / 淵 蓋 • 49 movements • also: Yon-Gae

General Yeon-Gae Somun killed around 300,000 Chinese soldiers and drove the Tang Dynasty out of Korea. This happened in the year 649 therefore Yeon-Gae-Hyeong consists of 49 movements.

Mun-mu

문무 / 文武 • 61 movements • also: Moon-Moo

This Hyeong honors King Mun-Mu, the 30th king of the Silla Dynasty, who united the three kingdoms of Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla . He was buried near Dae Wang Am (Great King Rock) in accordance with his last will in the sea, "where my soul should always defend my country against the Japanese". The 61 movements symbolize the last digits of the year 661 , when Munmu ascended the throne.

Seo-san

서산 / 西山 • 72 movements • also: So-San

The monk Choi Hyon Ung from the Joseon Dynasty adopted the pseudonym Seo-San . The 72 movements refer to the age at which he organized a troop of warrior monks with the help of his pupil Sa Myung Dang. These soldiers fought back the Wokou , which overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592.

See also

swell

  1. ↑ Examination regulations (PDF; 297 kB) of the ITF-D

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Won-Hyo-Hyeong has 28 movements according to the classical count, Michael Unruh mentions only 26 in his book (see literature).
  2. ↑ a b Hwa-Rang-Hyeong has 29 movements according to the classic count, Michael Unruh names 30 in his book (see literature).
  3. ↑ a b Chung-Mu-Hyeong has 30 movements according to the classical count, Michael Unruh names 31 in his book (see literature).

literature

  • Michael Unruh: The 12 Taekwondo Hyong's. 11th edition. Verlag Weinmann, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-87-892049-0 .
  • Marzel Heitmeyer: Taekwon-Do master forms - Eui-Am Choong-Jang Juche Sam-Il Yoo-Sin Choi-Yong. ISBN 978-3865827227 .
  • Robert Kachel: The master forms in the traditional Chang-Hon system. Edition Winterwork Verlag 2011, ISBN 978-3942693905 .
  • Eric Wagner: TAE-KWON-DO perfect. Technology, training, formal school. ISBN 3-8330-0795-8 .

Web links