Gwanggaeto

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Korean spelling
Hangeul 광개토 대왕
Hanja 廣 開 土 大王
Revised
Romanization 		Gwanggaeto-daewang
McCune-
Reischauer 		Kwanggaet'o-daewang
Birth Name
Hangeul 고 담덕
Hanja 高 談 德
Revised
Romanization 		Go Dam-deok
McCune-
Reischauer 		Ko Tamdǒk
Posthumous title
Hangeul 국 강상 광개토 경 평안 호태왕
Hanja 國 岡 上 廣 開 土 境 平安 好 太 王
Revised
Romanization 		Gukgangsang-gwanggaetogyeong-pyeongan-hotaewang
McCune-
Reischauer 		Kukkangsang-kwanggaet'ogyŏng-p'yŏngan-hot'aewang

Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo (* 374 ; † 413 ) was from 391 to 413 the nineteenth ruler of Goguryeo , the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . His full posthumous title means "Buried in Gukgangsang , expander of property, peace maker , unrestricted king", mostly abbreviated as Hotaewang . His era name is Yeongnak and he was sometimes referred to as Yeongnak Taewang (Unrestricted King Yeongnak ). Gwanggaeto's independent government title meant that Goguryeo was considered to be on par with the Chinese dynasties.

A golden age began for Goguryeo under Gwanggaeto. It became a powerful empire and a great power in East Asia . Gwanggaeto achieved enormous territorial gains and led conquests to western Manchuria against the Kitan tribes, to Inner Mongolia and what is now the Russian Primorye region against numerous peoples and tribes, as well as to the Han River valley in central Korea. With that he controlled more than two thirds of the Korean Peninsula .

Gwanggaeto defeated Baekje , the most powerful of the Three Kingdoms of Korea at the time, when he took its capital Wiryeseong in 396 in what is now Seoul . In 399, Silla , the kingdom in southeast Korea, asked Goguryeo for help against incursions by Baekje's troops and his allies Wa from the Japanese archipelago. Gwanggaeto sent 50,000 warriors who rubbed off his enemies and made Silla a de facto protectorate. He then subjugated the other Korean kingdoms and achieved a unification of the peninsula under the rule of Goguryeo. In his western campaigns he defeated the Xianbei from the kingdom of the Later Yan and conquered the Liaodong Peninsula , so that he regained the former property of Go-Joseon .

Gwanggaeto's achievements are recorded on the Gwanggaeto stele . It was erected in 414 on his presumed tomb in Ji'an on what is now the Chinese-North Korean border. His son and successor Jangsu was the builder of this monument, which is considered the largest engraved stele in the world.

prehistory

At the time of Gwanggaeto's birth, Goguryeo was not as powerful as it had once been. In 371, three years before his birth, Goguryeo was defeated by the rival Korean kingdom of Baekje under Geunchogo. The ruler Gogukwon was killed and Pyongyang sacked. Baekje became one of the dominant forces in East Asia. Its influence was not limited to the Korean Peninsula, but, taking advantage of the weakness of the state of the former Qin , extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China and to Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago. Thus Goguryeo was surrounded by the mighty Baekje in the south and west. It tended to avoid conflict with its neighbors while maintaining good contacts with the Former Qin, Xianbei, and Rouran in order to protect itself from future invasions and gain time for military reform.

Gogukwon's successor, Sosurim, pursued a foreign policy of appeasement and reconciliation with Baekje. He focused on domestic politics to spread Buddhism and Confucianism in Goguryeo's society. In addition, because of the defeats against the proto-Mongolian Xianbei and Baekje, Sosurim carried out military reforms to prevent such defeats in the future. Sosurim's internal arrangements laid the basis for Gwanggaeto's expansion.

Sosurim was followed by Gogukyang, who invaded the State of the Later Yan in 385 and Baekje in 386 .

Domination

Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje

Gwanggaeto succeeded his father Gogukyang, who died in 391. At his coronation, Gwanggaeto took the era name Yeongnak (Eternal Joy) and the title Taewang (Exalted King) to express that he saw himself on a par with the rulers in China and Baekje.

In 392 Gwanggaeto led an attack on Baekje with 40,000 fighters. He took ten fortified cities. In response, Asin, the ruler of Baekje, counterattacked Goguryeo in 393 but was defeated. Regardless of the current war, Gwanggaeto established nine Buddhist temples in Pyongyang in 393. Asin invaded Goguryeo again in 394, but was again defeated. After a series of defeats to Goguryeo, Baekje's political stability deteriorated. In 395, Baekje was defeated once more by Goguryeo and pushed south to its capital Wiryeseong on the Han River. The following year (396) Gwanggaeto led an attack on Wiryeseong by land and sea, across the Han River, and triumphed over Baekje. Gwanggaeto took its capital and the defeated Asin submitted to him by surrendering a prince and ten ministers.

Goguryeo at its zenith under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu.

Conquests in the north

In 395, while his campaign against Baekje in the south was still going on, Gwanggaeto undertook a campaign to raid the Kitan Baili clan on the Liao River , in 398 Gwanggaeto subjugated the Sushen people in the northwest, the Tungus ancestors of the Jurchen and Manchu people .

In 400 the Xianbei attacked Goguryeo while Gwanggaeto was busy with Baekje, Gaya, and Wa troops in Silla. Gwanggaeto nevertheless repulsed the Xianbei troops. In 402 Gwanggaeto struck back and captured an important fortress near the capital of the Empire of the Later Yan . In 405 and again in 406 there were attacks on Goguryeo fortresses in Liaodong , both times unsuccessful. Gwanggaeto was able to conquer all of Liaodong. Thereby he ruled the territory of Go-Joseon . It belonged to Goguryeo until the middle of the 7th century.

In 407 he sent 50,000 infantrymen and horsemen and achieved a great victory by destroying the enemy troops and capturing around 10,000 armor and numerous war implements. The later Yan, Baekje or Wa are possible opponents.

410 attacked Gwanggaeto Dongbuyeo in the northeast.

Campaigns south

In 400, Silla , another Korean kingdom in the southeastern part of the peninsula, asked Goguryeo for help in repelling an invasion by allies Baekje , Gaya and Wa . Gwanggaeto sent 50,000 warriors and smashed the enemy coalition. Then Silla became a protectorate, Gaya sank down and could not recover. In 402 Gwanggaeto left Prince Silseong , who had resided in Goguryeo as a political hostage since 392, back to Silla and made him King of Silla.

In 404, Gwanggaeto repulsed a Wa attack from the Japanese archipelago on the southern border of the former Daifang commando . The enemy suffered enormous losses.

Death and inheritance

A detail on the Gwanggaeto stele

Gwanggaeto died of an unknown disease in 413 at the age of 39. He was succeeded by his son Jangsu , who ruled Goguryeo for 79 years up to the age of 98. His reign was the longest in East Asian history.

Gwanggaeto's conquests are considered the zenith of Korean history as he created and consolidated a large empire in Northeast Asia . The Three Kingdoms of Korea were united through him. Gwanggaeto captured 64 fortified cities and 1,400 villages. Except for the 200-year period that began with Jangsu building on his father's property and the golden age of Balhae , Korea never spanned such a large territory. Archaeologists have discovered Goguryeo fortress ruins in what is now Mongolia , suggesting that Goguryeo extended to that point at its greatest extent in the west. Gwanggaeto himself felt equal to the rulers of China, which expresses his ruler title, which means as much as Eternal Joy .

Gwanggaeto is next to Sejong , the creator of the Hangul alphabet, one of two Korean rulers who were honored with the addition of "the great". He is considered one of the greatest heroes in their history by Koreans, so he often serves as a symbol of Korean nationalism.

The Gwanggaeto stele, a 6.39 meter tall monument erected by Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in the 19th century. The stele bears inscriptions with information about Gwanggaeto's rule and achievements, but not all of the characters have survived. Korean and Japanese scholars disagree in their interpretation of statements about the Wa.

The South Korean Navy owns three Gwanggaeto-the-Great-class destroyers, which were built by Daewoo Heavy Industries and named in honor of the ruler.

A significant statue of Gwanggaeto was erected along with a replica of the Gwanggaeto stele on the main street of Guri City in Gyeonggi Province .

Representations in art and media

The Legend (also known as Taewang Sasingi ) is a Korean historical and fantasy drama from 2007, which relates in part to Gwanggaeto and in part to Dangun . The television series begins when Gwanggaeto was born and ends in the middle of his reign at the end of the 4th century. Yoo Seung-ho portrays him as a child and Bae Yong-joon as an adult. The historical drama Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror by KBS (2011) is also based on his life.

The International Taekwon-Do Federation has named Gwang-Gae, a meeting procedure, a Hyeong , after Gwanggaeto. Its diagrams represent Gwanggaeto's conquests and the regaining of lost territories, and the 39 movements represent the first two digits of the year 391, in which Gwanggaeto ascended the throne.

Many novels, comics and games about Gwanggaeto have appeared in South Korea. In Age of Empires: World Domination , a computer game for mobile phones, Gwanggaeto is one of the heroes players can choose for the Korean civilization. Gwanggaeto is also a character in the Korean mobile game Hero for Kakao .

See also

Web links

Commons : Gwanggaeto  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ 한국 의 세계 문화 유산 여행: 세계 가 인정한 한국 의 아름다움 . 상상 출판, ISBN 979-1-18616314-6 (Korean, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
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  4. ↑ a b c d e Jinwung Kim: A History of Korea: From “Land of the Morning Calm” to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-00078-5 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  5. ^ John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  6. ↑ Hyŏn-hŭi Yi, Sŏng-su Pak, Nae-hyŏn Yun: New history of Korea . Jimoondang, ISBN 978-89-88095-85-0 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]): “He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.”
  7. ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree: Encyclopedia of Asian history . Scribner, ISBN 978-0-684-18899-7 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]): “Nevertheless, the reigns of Kwanggaet'o and his successor Changsu (413-491) constituted the golden age of Koguryo. "
  8. ^ John Morris Roberts, Odd Arne Westad: The History of the World . Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-993676-2 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
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  15. ↑ Yeon Hwan Park, Jon Gerrard: Black Belt Tae Kwon Do: The Ultimate Reference Guide to the World's Most Popular Black Belt Martial Art . Skyhorse Publishing Inc., ISBN 978-1-62087-574-2 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
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  21. ↑ 그림 이창우, 글: 최승필, 감수 이희근: 세상 이 깜짝 놀란 우리 역사 진기록 . 뜨인 돌 출판, 2010, ISBN 978-89-5807-473-1 ( books.google.com ).
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  23. ^ Ki-baek Yi: A New History of Korea . Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  24. ↑ Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae: Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6 (English, books.google.com ).
  25. ↑ 신형식: A Brief History of Korea . Ewha Womans University Press, ISBN 978-89-7300-619-9 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  26. ^ Robert E. Buswell: Encyclopedia of Buddhism: A – L. Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, New York 2004, ISBN 978-0-02-865719-6 (Sosurim maintained tributary relationship with Former Qin (351-394)).
  27. ↑ Jinwung Kim: A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict . Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-00078-5 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  28. ↑ John Middleton: World Monarchies and Dynasties . Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-45158-7 (English, books.google.com [accessed October 11, 2016]).
  29. ↑ Jae-eun Kang: The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism . Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN 978-1-931907-30-9 , pp. 37–38 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
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  31. ↑ King Gogukyang. Retrieved February 28, 2017 .
  32. ↑ 이윤섭: 광개토 대왕 과 장수왕 . ebookspub (이북 스펍), 2014, ISBN 979-1-15519132-3 , p. 89-91 (Korean, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  33. ^ John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  34. ↑ Bu-sik Kim: Samguk Sagi . tape 18 ( Wikisource [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  35. ↑ Hyun-hui Yi, Song-su Pak, Nae-hyon Yun: New History of Korea . Jimoondang, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-88095-85-5 .
  36. ^ Jeon ho-tae, 'Koguryo, the origin of Korean power & pride', Dongbuka History Foundation, 2007.
  37. ^ Korean studies . In: Institute of Korean Studies, Seoul National University (Ed.): Seoul Journal of Korean Studies . No. 17 , 2004, p. 15-16 .
  38. ↑ Kwanggaet'o . In: Suzanne Michele Bourgoin (Ed.): Encyclopedia of World Biography: Kilpatrick-Louis . Gale Research, 1998, pp. 94 .
  39. ^ Charles Holcombe: The Genesis of East Asia: 221 BC - AD 907 . Associate for Asian Studies [u. a.], Honolulu 2001, ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5 ( books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  40. ^ Hugh Dyson Walker: East Asia: A New History . AuthorHouse, ISBN 978-1-4772-6516-1 , pp. 137 (English, books.google.com [accessed February 28, 2017]): “He also conquered Sushen tribes in the northeast, Tungusic ancestors of the Jurcid and Manchus who later ruled Chinese 'barbarian conquest dynasties' during the twelfth and seventeenth centuries. "
  41. ↑ a b c d 이윤섭: 광개토 대왕 과 장수왕 ( ko ). ebookspub (이북 스펍),, ISBN 9791155191323 , pp. 93–95 (accessed February 28, 2017).
  42. ↑ King Gwanggaeto the Great (2) . Korea Communications Commission. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  43. ↑ 조 한성: 역사 의 터닝 포인트 14_ 삼국 의 전성기 ( ko ). Book21 Publishing Group ,, ISBN 9788950944087 ( Accessed February 28, 2017).
  44. ↑ Peter H. Lee, Yongho Ch'oe, Hugh HW Kang: Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume One: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century . Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-51531-3 , pp. 26 (English, [1] [accessed on February 28, 2017]).
  45. ↑ Koguryo: Journal of Northeast Asian History, vol. 4, 2007, issue 1-2, p. 57.
  46. ↑ Jacques H. Kamstra: Encounter Or syncretism: The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism , p. 38
  47. ↑ Bruce Loyd Batten: Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War And Peace, 500-1300 , p. 16.
  48. ^ Hugh Dyson Walker: East Asia: A New History . AuthorHouse, ISBN 978-1-4772-6516-1 , pp. 137 (English, [2] [accessed February 18, 2017]).
  49. ↑ 김운회: 한국 과 몽골, 그 천년 의 비밀 을 찾아서 . Korea Press Foundation. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  50. ↑ 成 宇 濟: 고고학자 손 보기 교수 . Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 28, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sisapress.com
  51. ↑ [초원 실크 로드 를 가다 (14) 초원 로 가 한반도 까지] . The Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  52. ↑ 대한민국 구석 구석 . Korea Tourism Organization. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  53. ↑ 광개토 태왕 비 / 동상 . Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  54. ↑ Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror . KBS. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 28, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / english.kbs.co.kr
  55. ↑ Kwang-Gae . International Taekwon-Do Federation . Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  56. ↑ 광개토 대제 (전 10 권) ( ko ). 아이디어 북,, ISBN 9788989878001 ( Accessed February 28, 2017).
  57. ↑ 태왕 북벌기 . 한국 만화 영상 진흥원. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  58. ↑ [★★ 리뷰 광개토 태왕, 모바일 전략 시뮬레이션 '새역사' 를 쓰다… 4.0 ★★★★] . Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  59. ^ Age of Empires: World Domination . Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 28, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aoewd.com
  60. ↑ Hero for Cocoa . Retrieved February 28, 2017.
personal data
SURNAME Gwanggaeto
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Goguryeo, Gwanggaeto from (full name); Gukgangsang; Hotaewang; Yeongnak; Taewang, Yeongnak
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
DATE OF BIRTH 374
DATE OF DEATH 413