Two kettles

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Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups (green): the Lakota (including the Two Kettles), the neighboring Nakota ( Yanktonai and Yankton ) as well as Dakota tribes and today's reservations (orange)

The Two Kettles , Oóhenuŋpa or O'ohe Nuŋpa (also Oohenonpa ) are a North American Indian tribe and belong to the Lakota from the Sioux language family . The name Two Kettles (two kettles) is an English translation of the name Oóhenuŋpa ('Two Cookings' or 'Two Kettles', oóhe - 'prepared meal' and núŋpa - 'two', means roughly 'the rich')

The Two Kettles are one of seven Lakota tribes; the other six tribes are called Brulé , Hunkpapa , Minneconjou , Oglala , Sihasapa and Sans Arc . Their former tribal area was in southwestern South Dakota and western Nebraska , where, like most of the Great Plains Indians, they lived in tepees and made a living from hunting buffalo .

Groups or Thióšpaye of the O'óhenuŋpa (Two Kettles)

The Two Kettles are often used together with the Minneconjou ( Mnikȟówožu or Hokwoju - 'Plants by the Water', i.e. planting on the water ) and Itazipco (from Itázipčho , Itazipcola , Hazipco - 'Those who hunt without bows', French Sans Arc ) as Central Lakota designated and divided into the following groups:

  • Wanúŋwaktenula (also Waniwacteonila - 'Killed Accidentally')
  • Šúŋkayútešni ('Eat No Dogs' - 'Those who do not eat dogs')
  • Mnišála ('Red Water', originally a splinter group of the eponymous tiyošpaye of the Itázipčho (Sans Arc), who joined the O'ohe Nuŋpa)
  • Oiglapta ('Take All That Is Left')

The Two Kettles originally belonged to the Wanhin Wega ('Broken Arrow'), a group of the Minneconjou, but split off from these around 1840 and became an independent group.

Often the Oóhenuŋpa are also divided into two tribal groups:

  • Oóhenúŋpa ( Oohe Noⁿpa - 'Two Cookings' or 'Two Kettles')
  • Ma Waqota ( Ma-wahota - 'Skin-smeared-with-whitish-earth')

Culture

American bison

In peacetime, bison hunting was the main occupation of the nomadic Two Kettles. The main hunting season was in summer, when the families gathered in larger villages and formed a camp circle , with each family taking their traditional place in the circle of tipis. The bison not only provided meat, but almost everything a Lakota needed to live. Because of its great importance, the buffalo was revered as a sacred animal and its spirit was praised in rituals before every hunt. The horse, which a bison hunter carefully selected and cared for, was decisive for the success of the hunt. It had to be persistent, because even a fatally wounded bull bison could walk a long way before collapsing. It had to have courage when the rider entered the herd, and with great skill it had to dodge the sharp horns that thrust at it. Such a horse was well looked after by the family and when thieves from hostile tribes were around, the bison horse was brought into the tepee and the women had to sleep outside.

When hunting bison, the hunter was only dressed in a leather loincloth and moccasins . He was armed with a short lance or with a bow and about 20 marked arrows, by which one could recognize the shooter. If the hunter was close enough to the selected bison, he tried to hit a spot behind the last rib. As a rule, however, at least three hits were required to kill the animal. Even so, bison hunting was a dangerous affair, and many a horse or hunter fell victim to it.

history

There is no information about the Two Kettles from the time when the Lakota still lived in the headwaters of the Mississippi River . Even Lewis and Clark don't mention a tribe of that name. It is likely that the Two Kettles, together with the Minneconjou, Sans Arc, Hunkpapa and Sihasapa, formed a division of the Lakota known as the Saone at the beginning of the 19th century , which fell into several groups after crossing the Missouri. According to Lewis and Clark, the Saone lived on both sides of the Missouri River below Beaver Creek in North Dakota in 1804 and are currently estimated to have about 800 tribal members.

It was only Pierre Jean de Smet, a Belgian missionary, who mentioned the tribe in his letters in 1843 and estimated it to have 800 members. According to Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden , they moved up and down the Cheyenne River between Cherry Creek and Grand River in 1862. Their chief chief at the time was Matotopa, or Four Bears, a man of limited ability but a beneficial influence on his people. The Two Kettles seldom go to war, are good hunters, and are cunning with dealers. They treat white people with respect like traders and visitors.

They were probably involved in the 1866 Fetterman Battle at Fort Phil Kearny . It was a skirmish between Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho on the one hand and soldiers of the US Army, which was disqualified as a massacre by the US press . The Indians besieged Fort Phil Kearny in Wyoming in the Red Cloud War . On December 21, 1866, a timber transport on the way to the fort was attacked by Indians. Captain William J. Fetterman was given the task of freeing the escorts of the timber transport with a force of 81 soldiers. With a trick, the Indians lured Fettermann's troops into an ambush in which all US soldiers were killed and the bodies mutilated. The Fetterman massacre caused great consternation among the American people. It was the worst defeat the US Army had ever suffered in the Indian Wars in the West. Since many of Fettermann's soldiers were still equipped with muzzle-loaders, the first step was to equip them with modern Springfield Model 1866 repeating rifles.

In the Fort Sully Treaty of 1865, the Two Kettles agreed not to fight whites and / or Indians, except in the case of self-defense, and to settle permanently on reservations. The contract was signed by the chiefs White Hawk, Spotted Horse and Four Bears and others, and it was largely adhered to. Allegedly, they are said to have been involved in the battle of the Little Bighorn River .

Demographics

Neither contagious diseases nor wars have reduced the number of two kettles since then. A census from 1887 identified 642 tribesmen. Since then, however, there has been no separate official information on numbers from members of the Two Kettle. Today, her descendants live on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota, along with the Sihasapa, Miniconjou, and Sans Arc, and the 2000 census showed there were 9,064 Sioux there.

Today's situation of the two kettles

Today the descendants of the Two Kettle can be found in the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where they are federally recognized tribes along with other Lakota tribes ; exact figures about each individual tribe no longer exist.

United States - South Dakota

  • Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (the Cheyenne River Reservation is over 12,141 km 2 in the middle of South Dakota, three major rivers - the Missouri River ( Mni Sose - 'Turbid Water' or 'Rolly Water'), Cheyenne River and the Moreau River ( Hinhan Wakpa - 'Owl River') - these flow through, in the north it is bounded by the Standing Rock Reservation , in the east by the Missouri River and in the south by the Cheyenne River, administrative headquarters: Eagle Butte , SD, tribal group: Lakota, tribes : Minneconjou (Minnecojou or Mnikoju), Two Kettles (Oohenumpa or Owohe Nupa), Itazipco (Itazipa Cola - Sans Arc or Without Bows), Sihasapa (Siha Sapa - Blackfeet), total tribal members (whites and Indians): 16,192 (of which 12,662 Sioux ), of which 8,090, including 6,331 Sioux, live in the reservation)

See also

List of North American Indian tribes

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Two Kettles
  2. ^ Minneconjou and San Arc bands
  3. ↑ Benjamin Capps: The Indians. Series: The Wild West. Time-Life Books (Netherland) BV, 1980. Page 67ff
  4. ^ History of Two Kettles
  5. ↑ Homepage of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe