Sihasapa
The Sihasapa (also Sihásapa ) or Blackfoot Sioux are a North American Indian tribe and belong to the Lakota from the Sioux language family . The name Sihasapa is the Lakota word for Blackfeet (black feet) because they wore dark moccasins. The Blackfeet Lakota are not to be confused with the Blackfoot , who belong to the Algonquin and whose tribal area was further north. In the Algonquin language , these are called Siksika , which also means Blackfeet and often leads to confusion.
The Sihasapa form one of seven Lakota tribes, while the other six tribes consist of the Brulé , Hunkpapa , Minneconjou , Oglala , Sans Arc, and Two Kettles . Their former tribal area was in northwestern South Dakota , where they, like almost all Indians on the Great Plains, lived from buffalo hunting and lived in tepees .
The Lakota lived for centuries on the prairies of what is now western Minnesota . In the 18th century they moved west and crossed the Missouri . Almost at the same time, French and English traders brought them to guns and their southern neighbors to horses. It was a time of great cultural change as European disease and wars decimated the groups. Around 1800 the Sihasapa formed with the Minneconjou, Sans Arc, Two Kettles and Hunkpapa a division of the Lakota called Saone, which disintegrated after crossing the Missouri.
Sihasapa groups
The Sihasapa are often referred to as the Northern Lakota together with the Hunkpapa ( Húkpapsa - 'Camps at the Edge', 'End of Entrance', 'Head of the Camp Circle', 'Camps at End of Horns') and are divided into the following groups (English bands ):
- Sihasapa-Hkcha ('Real Blackfoot' - 'True Sihasapa')
- Kangi-shun Pegnake ('Crow Feather Hair Ornaments')
- Glaglahecha ('Slovenly' or 'Untidy')
- Wazhazha ('Osage')
- High ('Rebels' - 'Assiniboine')
- Wamnuga Owin ('Cowrie-Shell Earrings')
history
The Sihasapa were first mentioned by George Catlin in his records from 1832 to 1839 when he was with the tribes in the northern Great Plains. At that time, they set up camp on the Moreau, Cannonball, Heart and Grand Rivers, often with groups from other Lakota tribes such as the Hunkpapa and Sans Arc. The Sihasapa, Hunkpapa, and Sans Arc inhabited almost the same area that stretched to the North to Little Missouri and to the South to the Cheyenne River .
A well-known chief of the Sihasapa was Mato Watakpe or John Grass (* around 1835, † 1918), one of the most important leaders of the tribe. In the last few years of his life, John Grass was Chief Justice at the Indian Court of Justice on the Standing Rock Reservation. In 1880 he gave an interview to the ethnologist James Owen Dorsey , in which he reported on the social and political structure of his tribe. He spoke of six groups (bands), which consisted of several large families of up to 60 members, whose relatives were connected by blood, marriage and adoption. Most of the year these groups spent individually in camps, but in the summer they gathered in larger villages to hunt the buffalo and celebrate the sun dance. The tipis were set up in a large circle called the camp circle . There was a fixed order in which each group and family had their specific place. The camp circle consisted of a large C-shaped ring, mostly open to the east, which was up to four rows deep in about 1,000 tipis and formed a circle about 2 km in diameter. Particularly honorable were certain places in the circle, like the horns , that is how the two flanks to the right and left of the entrance or Tiyopa were called. The chief's tip was in the middle of the circle opposite the entrance. According to John Grass, the Sihasapa had the following order, whereby group 1 formed the southern horn and then, according to the course of the sun, continued to group 6 on the northern horn:
- Sihasapa-Hkcha ('Real Blackfoot' - 'True Sihasapa')
- Kangi-shun Pegnake ('Crow Feather Hair Ornaments')
- Glaglahecha ('Slovenly' or 'Untidy')
- Wazhazha ('Osage')
- High ('Rebels' - 'Assiniboine')
- Wamnuga Owin ('Cowrie-Shell Earrings')
Pierre-Jean de Smet estimated their population at 1,500 tribesmen in 1843, while the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1878 counted 814 Sihasapa. Today one can no longer find separate figures on the total Sihasapa population.
Today's Sihasapa tribes
Today, the Sihasapa, along with members of other Lakota Sioux tribes, belong to the following two federally recognized tribes , most of which are members of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe :
- Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (the Standing Rock Reservation with its administrative seat in Fort Yates , ND, is the northernmost of the reservations that emerged from the Great Sioux Reservation, which were created in 1889. The reservation, approximately 9,200 km², lies on both sides of the border between North and South South Dakota and isbordered to thesouth by the Cheyenne River Reservation , to the north by the Cannonball River and to the east by Lake Oahe , the dammed Missouri River , the Grand River also flows throughthe southern part of the reservation, in the reservation is the grave of Sitting Bull and a memorial for Sacajawea , tribal groups: Nakota , Lakota, tribes: Yanktonai : Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana) and groups of the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), mostly live in the North Dakota part of the reserve. Lakota: Hunkpapa and Sihasapa (Blackfeet), today mostly live in the South Dakota part of the reservation, in 2005 the unemployment rate was 86.00%, tribal members total (whites and Indians): 16,420 (thereof 12,828 Sioux), of which 8,217 live, including 6,414 Sioux, in the reservation)
- Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (the Cheyenne River Reservation with over 12,141 km² is located in the middle of South Dakota, three major rivers - the Missouri River ( Mni Sose - 'Turbid Water' or 'Rolly Water'), Cheyenne River and the Moreau River ( Hinhan Wakpa - 'Owl River') - flow through it, in the north it is bounded by the Standing Rock Reservation , in the east by the Missouri River and in the south by the Cheyenne River, administrative headquarters: Eagle Butte , SD, tribal group: Lakota, tribes: Minneconjou (Minnecojou or Mnikoju), Two Kettles (Oohenumpa or Owohe Nupa), Itazipco (Itazipa Cola - Sans Arc or Without Bows), Sihasapa (Siha Sapa - Blackfeet), total tribal members (whites and Indians): 16,192 (including 12,662 Sioux) , of which 8,090, including 6,331 Sioux, live in the reservation)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Blackfoot Sioux ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hunkpapa ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Blackfoot Indian Tribe History
- ↑ Blackfoot Sioux ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sihasapa (Blackfeet Lakota)
- ↑ Homepage of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
- ↑ the Great Sioux Reservation originally comprised 240,000 km² in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, in 1876 the US government violated the treaty of 1868 and opened 31,000 km² of the area of the reservation in the Black Hills for private interests. In 1889 the remaining area of the Sioux Reservation was divided into several separate reservations: Standing Rock Reservation , Cheyenne River Reservation , Crow Creek Reservation , Lower Brule Reservation , Rosebud Indian Reservation , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation , Yankton Reservation, and Pine Ridge Reservation
- ^ North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission - TRIBAL DATA
- ↑ Homepage of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe
See also
List of North American Indian tribes
literature
- Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001. ISBN 0-16-050400-7