Hunk papa
The Hunkpapa or Húŋkpapȟa (earlier often referred to as Honkpapa ) are a North American Indian tribe and belong to the Lakota from the Sioux language family . The name Hunkpapa refers to the camp circle and means at the entrance or at the head end of the circle because the trunk traditionally had its place at the entrance to the camp circle.
The Hunkpapa form one of seven Lakota tribes, while the other six tribes are made up of the Brulé , Minneconjou , Oglala , Sans Arc , Sihasapa, and Two Kettles . Their former tribal area was in northwestern South Dakota , where they, like almost all Indians on the Great Plains, lived from buffalo hunting and lived in tepees . They were particularly closely related to the Sihasapa. The Hunkpapa, Sihasapa, and Sans Arc inhabited almost the same area, stretching to the north to Little Missouri and to the south to the Cheyenne River .
Groups or Thiyóšpaye of the Hunkpapa
The Hunkpapa were divided into two sub-tribes or tribal groups, which in turn consisted of several groups (Thiyóšpaye, English bands), which in turn consisted of several tiwahe (English camps or family circle):
- Icira ('Band that separated and went together again')
- Tinazipe Sica ('Bad Bows'), eminent tiwahe and their leaders: Sitting Bull , Four Horns, Black Moon.
- Talonapin ('Raw Meat Necklace'), leader of the most important tiwahe: Big Prairie Chicken, Charging Thunder, Spotted Horn Bull, Crow King, Scattering Bear, Long Dog, Iron Dog, Gall .
- Kiglaska ('Tied in the Middle'), leader of the most important tiwahe: No Neck, Catch the Bear.
- Ceknake Okisela ('Half Breechcloth'), leader of the most important tiwahe: Little Prairie Chicken.
- Siksicela ('Bad Ones'), leader of the most important tiwahe: not known.
- Canka Ohan ('Sore-Backs of horses')
- Canka Ohan, leader of the most eminent tiwahe: Running Antelope, Cross Bear.
- Ce Ohba ('Droopy Penis'), leader of the most important tiwahe: Little Bear, Long Soldier, Bear Ribs I and II, Bear Face, Iron Horn, Rain in the Face .
- Wakan ('Sacred'), leader of the most important tiwahe: Long Horn.
- Hunska Canto-Juha ('Legging Tobacco Pouch'), leader of the most important tiwahe: not known.
Both tribal groups had apparently developed different political positions towards the Americans, the Icira tribal group, which lived further west, was against the expansion of the American frontier and later took over the leadership in the so-called Great Sioux War from 1876 to 1877. The Canka Ohan tribal group on the other hand, whose hunting grounds were further east along the Missouri River, took a much more peaceful stance and their Thiyóšpaye were the first of the Hunkpapa to settle on the Standing Rock Agency. After 1881, when the Hunkpapa and other Lakota returned from Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull, the Icira and their relatives, the Canka Ohan tribal group, found a permanent home on the Standing Rock Reservation as the Hunkpapa Tribe.
residential area
There is no information about the Hunkpapa from the time when the Lakota still lived in the headwaters of the Mississippi River . Also from Lewis and Clark are no reports known about this tribe. It can be assumed that the Hunkpapa together with the Minneconjou, Sans Arc, Two Kettles and Sihasapa formed a division of the Lakota known as the Saone around 1800 , which disintegrated after crossing the Missouri. According to Lewis and Clark, the Saone lived on both sides of the Missouri River below Beaver Creek in North Dakota in 1804 and were estimated to have about 800 tribal members. The name appears for the first time as Honkpapa in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien from 1825. Around 1850, the residential area of the Hunkpapa was on the Cheyenne, Moreau, Grand and Cannonball Rivers. General Kemble Warren found in 1855 that they lived near the mouth of the Moreau River in the Missouri, and that their tribal area stretched from the Big Cheyenne to the Yellowstone River and to the Black Hills in the west. He estimated their population to be 2,820.
history
In 1854 the Indian agent responsible for the Sioux wrote to the government:
“All Sioux groups accepted their gifts with kind benevolence, except for the Minneconjou, Sihasapa and Hunkpapa. The Minneconjou are expected daily at Fort Laramie to receive their annual deliveries. The Sihasapa and Hunkpapa, however, continue to refuse any support and continue to violate the provisions of the treaty. They fight and plunder white settlers and neighboring tribes, kill people and steal horses. They even defy the Great White Father in Washington and have declared their intention to kill all whites who enter their country without exception. They are among the most feared Indians on the Missouri. "
In 1862 the Sioux uprising broke out in Minnesota , as a result of which many Dakota fled to their relatives in the west. Therefore, Brigadier General Alfred Sully was sent to Dakota Territory with 3,000 men to find and attack the enemy Indians. In addition, forts should be built in Indian land. First they built Fort Rice at the mouth of the Cannonball River. On July 28, 1864, Sully encountered an Indian force of about 5,000 to 6,000 warriors, including many Hunkpapa, but most of them were not involved in the Minnesota uprising. The Americans fired cannons and long-range rifles, routed the Sioux and the battle of Killdeer Mountain ended in a total defeat for the Sioux. General Sully estimated the Indian casualties at 100 to 150 dead, while his troops lost only two men. The teepees and all winter supplies of the Sioux were destroyed. Sully's raid worsened already strained relations between the tribes in the northern plains and the United States government. The battlefield at Killdeer Mountain is now a State Historic Site (Historic Site of the State of North Dakota).
The Hunkpapa offered bitter resistance to the US Army under their chiefs Sitting Bull and Gall . After the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, they fled to Canada , but returned to Dakota Territory in small groups until 1881 due to a lack of food. After the assassination of Sitting Bull in December 1890, about 100 Hunkpapa sought refuge with Chief Big Foot of the Minneconjou. A fortnight later, on December 29, 1890, the Wounded Knee massacre occurred , in which Big Foot and almost all of the Hunkpapa were killed.
Today's tribes and First Nations of the Hunkpapa
Tribes in the USA
Today, the Hunkpapa, along with members of other Sioux tribes, belong to the following two federally recognized tribes :
- Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (the Standing Rock Indian Reservation with its administrative seat Fort Yates , ND, is the northernmost of the reservations that emerged from the Great Sioux Reservation, which were created in 1889. The reservation, about 9,200 km² in size, lies on both sides of the North border and South Dakota and isbordered to thesouth by the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation , to the north by the Cannonball River and to the east by Lake Oahe , the dammed Missouri River , the Grand River also flows throughthe southern part of the reservation, in the reservation is the grave of Sitting Bull and a memorial for Sacajawea , tribal groups: Nakota , Lakota, tribes: Yanktonai : Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana) and groups of the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), mostly live in the North Dakota part of the reserve. Lakota : Hunkpapa and Sihasapa (Blackfeet), now mostly live in the South Dakota part of the reservation, in 2005 the unemployment rate was 86.00%, Sta mmes members total (whites and Indians): 16,420 (thereof 12,828 Sioux), of which 8,217, including 6,414 Sioux, live in the reservation)
- Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east approx. 180 km and from south to north approx. 65 km and comprises approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups : Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine: Hudesabina ('Red Bottom'), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler '), Wadopahnatonwan (' Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie '), Sahiyaiyeskabi (' Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, around 6,000 of the approx.11,786 tribe members live on the Reservation)
First Nation in Canada
The only First Nation in Canada of the Lakota tribal group is in the Prairie Province of Saskatchewan , made up of the descendants of Hunkpapa fleeing northwards under the leadership of Sitting Bull after the Battle of Little Bighorn .
File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
- Wood Mountain Dakota First Nation (also known as Moose Jaw Sioux , their only reservation is about 135 km southwest of Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan, the administrative seat is Assiniboia 110 km southwest of Moose Jaw, tribal group: Lakota, tribe: Hunkpapa, reservation: Wood Mountain # 160, approx. 23.76 km², 8 of the 264 tribe members live on the reservation)
Sources and Notes
- ↑ Hunkpapa ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hunkpapa History
- ↑ This refers to the 1851 Treaty of Laramie between the United States and the Sioux, as well as other tribes.
- ↑ Killdeer Mountain Battlefield ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Homepage of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
- ↑ the Great Sioux Reservation originally comprised 240,000 km² in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, in 1876 the US government violated the treaty of 1868 and opened 31,000 km² of the area of the reservation in the Black Hills for private interests. In 1889 the remaining area of the Sioux Reservation was divided into several separate reservations: Standing Rock Indian Reservation , Cheyenne River Indian Reservation , Crow Creek Indian Reservation , Lower Brule Reservation , Rosebud Indian Reservation , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation , Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation and Pine Ridge reservation
- ^ North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission - TRIBAL DATA
- ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
- ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Homepage of the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
See also
List of North American Indian tribes
literature
- Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001, ISBN 0-16-050400-7 .
- Royal B. Hasserick: The Book of the Sioux . Diederichs, Cologne 1982, ISBN 3-424-00751-X .
