Itazipco
The Itazipco (also Itázipčho , Itazipcola , Hazipco - 'Those who hunt without bows' - 'Those who hunt without bows') or Sans Arc are a North American Indian tribe and belong to the Lakota of the Sioux language family . The name Sans Arc ('without bow') is a French translation of the name (Itazipa = bow; cho = without).
The Itazipco are one of seven Lakota tribes; the other six tribes are called Brulé , Hunkpapa , Minneconjou , Oglala , Sihasapa and Two Kettles . Their former tribal area was in northwestern South Dakota , where they, like almost all Indians of the Great Plains, lived from buffalo hunting and lived in tepees . They were particularly closely related to the Sihasapa. The Hunkpapa, Sihasapa, and Itazipco inhabited almost the same area, extending to the Little Missouri River in the north and the Cheyenne River in the south .
Groups of Itazipco
The Itazipco are often referred to as Central Lakota together with the Minneconjou ( Mnikȟówožu , Hokwoju - 'Plants by the Water' - 'Planting on the water') and Two Kettles and are divided into the following groups:
- Itazipco-hca ('Real Itazipco')
- Mini sala ('Red Water')
- Sina luta oin or Shinalutaoin ('Red Cloth Earring')
- Woluta yuta ('Eat dried venison from the hindquarter', 'Ham Eaters')
- Maz pegnaka ('Wear Metal Hair Ornament')
- Tatanka Cesli or Tatankachesli ('Dung of a buffalo bull')
- Siksicela or Shikshichela ('Bad Ones', 'Bad ones of different kinds')
- Tiyopa Canupa or Tiyopaoshanunpa ('Smokes at the Entrance')
history
From the time in the 18th century, when the Lakota still lived in the headwaters of the Mississippi River , there is no information about the Itazipco. Also from Lewis and Clark are no reports known about this tribe. It can be assumed that the Itazipco together with the Minneconjou, Hunkpapa, Two Kettles and Sihasapa formed a division of the Lakota known as the Saone , which disintegrated after crossing the Missouri River . According to Lewis and Clark, the Saone lived on both sides of the Missouri River below Beaver Creek in North Dakota in 1804 and were estimated to have about 800 tribal members.
It is believed that the Itazipco settled north of the Black Hills after 1800 . Around 1850, together with the Hunkpapa, Minneconjou and Oglala, they displaced the Absarokee from the Powder River area . There were repeated disputes over land ownership until the Absarokee finally retreated west into the Rocky Mountains .
The Itazipco under their chief Spotted Eagle offered bitter resistance to the US Army and participated in the Wagon Box Fight in 1867, the Battle of Rosebud Creek and the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
On August 2, 1867, a force of 31 soldiers under Captain James Powell faced an overwhelming force of about 2,000 Sioux warriors under Chief Red Cloud who wanted to raid some of the forts built on the Bozeman Trail . After several unsuccessful attacks to capture Fort Phil Kearny , Red Cloud tried a ruse. A lumberjack camp located nearby was supposed to be raided, the protection of which the troops had taken over from Captain Powell. After the Fetterman battle a few months earlier, the army in the west had been equipped with modern, long-range repeating rifles of the Springfield 1866 type, which allowed a faster rate of fire. So the soldiers and lumberjacks could retreat behind a hastily built wagon castle . After removing the wheels from the wagons, they found sufficient cover there and wreaked havoc among the Lakota warriors who attacked several times. Within a short time, over 60 Indians were killed and the rest fled after reinforcements arrived from Fort Phil Kearny. This battle, which went down in history as the Wagon Box Fight, was hailed as a great victory for the army by US propaganda and also in part by official historiography.
The Battle of Rosebud Creek took place on June 17, 1876 at Rosebud Creek , Montana . 970 man of the US Cavalry under General George Crook , reinforced by 260 Absarokee- and Shoshone - Scouts , were on a campaign against the Lakota and Cheyenne . The Absarokee and Shoshone were ancient enemies of the Lakota and in this way they hoped to recapture lost tribal territory. The Indian opponent under Chief Crazy Horse counted around 1,500 Teton and Cheyenne warriors who surprisingly attacked Crook's troops on Rosebud Creek. The Americans found it difficult to avert defeat because after a few hours they received help from several companies that Crook had previously sent to search for the Indian camp. When this force rode up Rosebud Canyon, the Lakota and Cheyenne broke off the attack and withdrew. The American casualties amounted to 28 deaths, while the Indians lost a total of 36 warriors. Both sides claimed victory for themselves, although objectively speaking the Indians had achieved a tactical victory. Just eight days later, Custer suffered a devastating defeat on the Little Bighorn River . The battlefield can be viewed today at Rosebud Battlefield State Park in Bighorn County, Montana.
In the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 , the US government promised the Sioux a large, separate reservation, which was gradually reduced in size and cut into several parts. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota was established in 1889 for four Lakota tribes - the Minneconjou, Sihasapa, Two Kettles, and Sihasapa.
Itazipco's situation today
Today the descendants of the Itazipco can be found in the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in South Dakota, where they are federally recognized tribes along with other Lakota tribes ; exact figures about each individual tribe no longer exist.
- Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation with over 12,141 km² is in the middle of South Dakota, three major rivers - the Missouri River ( Mni Sose - 'Turbid Water' or 'Rolly Water'), Cheyenne River and the Moreau River ( Hinhan Wakpa - 'Owl River') - flow through these, in the north it is bounded by the Standing Rock Indian Reservation , in the east by the Missouri River and in the south by the Cheyenne River, administrative headquarters: Eagle Butte , SD, tribal group: Lakota, Tribes: Minneconjou (Minnecojou or Mnikoju), Two Kettles (Oohenumpa or Owohe Nupa), Itazipco (Itazipa Cola - Sans Arc or Without Bows), Sihasapa (Siha Sapa - Blackfeet), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 16,192 (including 12,662 Sioux), of which 8,090, including 6,331 Sioux, live in the reservation)
See also
List of North American Indian tribes
literature
- Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001. ISBN 0-16-050400-7
- Dee Brown: Bury my heart at the bend of the river. Verlag Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg, 1972. ISBN 3-455-08873-2
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Minneconjou and San Arc bands proboards.com <engl.>
- ↑ San Arcs History accessgenealogy.com <engl.>
- ↑ Homepage of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe