Umbrian school

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Bartolomeo Caporali: Madonna and Child, fresco, Umbrian School, 15th century
Pietro Perugino: Adoration of the Magi, fresco, Umbrian School, 15th century
Giovanni di Pietro, called Lo Spagna: Entombment (detail), fresco, Umbrian School, 15th century
Pinturicchio: Johannes Baptista, fresco, Umbrian School, 15th century

Under the name Umbrian School ( it. Scuola Umbra) some Italian painters are summarized in the history of art who were active in Umbria from the middle of the 15th century . Especially in Perugia , the most important city in the area, they developed a style of the Italian Renaissance that was slightly different from the rest of northern Italy and was independent . In addition to the works of well-known painters such as Pinturicchio , the Umbrian School also counts numerous pictures by artists not known by name, if they show the typical characteristics of this style.

School of Perugia

Most of the painters of the Umbrian School come from the Perugia area or at least worked in Perugia. Hence the Umbrian School is sometimes called the School of Perugia . This term is mostly applied to the pictures that are close to the painting style of the main representative of the Umbrian school Pietro Perugino .

Emergence

The main reason that Perugia was able to develop its own style from the middle of the 15th century onwards is the decline in the artistic predominance of the so-called School of Siena , painting from the city of Siena in northern Italy, which has existed since the 13th century . However, this is not necessarily verifiable by contemporary documents or reports and other reasons for the rapid blossoming of a unique style in Umbria could also be seen. At that time the attraction of the other center of painting, the city of Florence, declined and in the 15th century it attracted fewer painters from the surrounding provinces. However, many of the early representatives of an Umbrian school still received their training in Florence or possibly also in Siena, which still leaves the question open, why exactly they then returned to the region around Perugia from these cities.

development

The painter Ottaviano di Martino Nelli (1375–1444), who ran a workshop not far from Perugia in Gubbio and of which frescoes and illuminations have been preserved, can be regarded as a forerunner of the Umbrian School . He exerted a certain influence on the subsequent generation of painters in the region. The first painters to work in the typical Umbrian style were Benedetto Bonfigli (1420–1496) from Perugia and Niccolo da Foligno (1430–1502), who came from near Perugia . Both still show the influence of Florentine painting. Next is an early representative Nicolò Alunno (1430–1502). The main masters of the Umbrian School are Pietro Perugino (1445–1523) and Pinturicchio (1454–1513), both of whom had the center of their work in Perugia itself.

style

The pictures of the Umbrian School are composed clearly and simply. You move away from the even more “soulful” painting of the late Middle Ages in other regions in Italy. Like the scholars of the Renaissance, painters observe their surroundings closely, and painters from Perugia in particular try to depict light and colors as naturally as possible. The perspective of the pictures and the architectural representations are calculated realistically. In this one can see an independent further development of the perspective theory of the Florentine architect of the early Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi , who prescribed, with the help of scientific methods, to consider the relationship between the depth of the space and the environment and to strive for the implementation of classical proportions, as in antiquity. The painters of the Umbrian School also try to depict their figures vividly and realistically in these proportions.

Representative (selection)

The influence of the Umbrian school and Raphael

From Perugia, employees and students of the important representatives of the school often went to Rome, where they had a decisive influence on northern Italian painting.

Even Raphael da Urbino (1483-1520) initially followed the style of the Umbrian school , the already represented his father Giovanni Santi. Raphael came to Perugia around 1500 and before he went to Rome he joined Pietro Perugino's workshop as a student.

Concept formation

The term Umbrian School began to develop in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In the course of the Napoleonic Wars , the inventory of paintings from Perugia was drawn up on the basis of a list by Baldassarre Orsini and the importance of this regional painting was highlighted.

literature

  • B. Orsini: Guida al Forestiere per l'Augusta Città di Perugia, si pongono in vista le più eccellenti pitture, sculture ed architetture . Perugia 1784 (based on the 1818 edition of Google books)
  • Gustav Friedrich Waagen : Works of art and artists in England and Paris . Volume III. Berlin 1839.
  • Painting . In: Pierer's Universal Lexikon, Volume 10. Altenburg 1860, p. 782 ( facsimile at zeno.org )
  • Serafino Frenfanelli Cibo: Niccolò Alunno e la Scuola Umbra . Rome 1872 ( facsimiles at archive.org )
  • Pietro Perugino, Italian painter of the Umbrian school . In: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th edition 1902
  • B. Tosacano: 'La Guida di Perugia di Baldassarre Orsini', Rome 1973
  • M. Boskovits: 'Pittura umbra e marchigiana fra Medioevo e Rinascimento: studi nella Galleria Nazionale di Perugia'. Perugia 1973.
  • Umbrian School . In: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition 1970–1979 (online here: [1] )
  • R. Toledano: Perugìa: An Ideal Regional Art Gallery . In: Unesco, Paris (ed.): Cultural connections; Museum; 33/4 (1981), pp. 218ff.
  • Umbrian School . In: The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. Oxford 2003, p.

Web links

Commons : Umbrian School  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Umbrian school . In: Pierer's Universal-Lexikon, Volume 10. Altenburg 1860
  2. ↑ so z. B. Scuola Umbra : Madonna con Bambino. Christie's auction house, Rome: Sale 2451 Diponit e Disegni Antichi June 2004 Lot 271 (accessed June 2011)
  3. ↑ z. B. Hannelore Vorteilmann: A tondo from the circle of Pietro Perugino . Research and Reports Vol. 13, Art History and Folklore Contributions (1971), pp. 21-23
  4. ↑ s. a. Italian master of the 15th century, school of Perugia / Florence , offering in the temple. Hampel Auctions, Munich: Sale June 25, 2004 Lot 472
  5. ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius: History of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages. From V. to XVI. Century . Munich 1978
  6. ↑ B. Orsini: Guida al Forestiere per l'Augusta Città di Perugia, si pongono in vista le più eccellenti pitture, culture ed architetture. Perugia 1784