Vararia
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
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| P. Karst. 1898 |
Vararia is a genus of fungi within the Lachnocladiaceae family. The mushrooms often have inconspicuous, more or less ocher-colored, rather tough and resupinate fruiting bodies. In Trama we find dextrinoide, thick-walled Dichohyphiden and most sulfopositive Gloeozystiden . The type species is Vararia investiens . Recent molecular biological studies show that the genus is polyphyletic .
features
Macro features
The resupinate to effuso-reflex , annual but sometimes stratified (perennial) fruiting bodies have grown on the substrate. They are membranous to leathery and less often hard or crusty and are up to 0.2 mm thick. Exiting hyphae strands are very rarely seen. The hymenophore is smooth or bumpy and whitish to cream or ocher in color. The hymenium is typically a catahymenium . The context is quite soft to tough, the spore powder is whitish. The trama can sometimes darken in KOH.
Micro features
The hyphae system is dimitic and consists of thick-walled, hyaline to yellowish or brown, dextrinoid connective hyphae and hyaline, smooth or encrusted, more or less thin-walled, generative hyphae. Buckles can be present or absent on the septa. The very variable, mostly smooth basidiospores are ellipsoid, almost spherical, cylindrical, spindle-shaped, allantoid or lacrymoid . In some tropical species they can also be ornamented . They are 2.5–16 µm long and 2–5.5 µm wide, inamyloid or partially amyloid . The 21–50 µm long basidia are hyaline, mostly urn-shaped or, more rarely, club-like or almost cylindrical and have (2-) 4 sterigms . In addition, one finds sterile Hymenialelemente , namely cylindrical to lobe-shaped, bottle-shaped, bulbous or fusiform to pfriemenförmige, 17-80 microns long Gloeozystiden who sometimes carry a patch papilla at its tip ( Schizopapille ). They are smooth, thin to thick-walled and often have an oily content, which is usually sulfo-positive , but sometimes sulfo-negative. You can find them in very variable numbers. Furthermore, more or less differentiated, thick-walled, hyaline, dextrinoid and multiple forked dichohyphae can be found . The outermost branches in the basal layer are often long and are then often referred to as dextrinoid connective hyphae or branched skeletal hyphae. In the (sub) -hymenium the dichohyphae are relatively short and sometimes coralloid.
Ecology and diffusion
The fungi live parasitically or saprophytically on wood of deciduous and coniferous trees and produce white rot. They are rarely found on the litter or the ground.
Systematics
The genus Vararia was described by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1898 . The type species is Radulum investiens pig . The genus Asterostromella Höhn. & Litch. is considered synonymous.
Vararia is traditionally placed in the Lachnocladiaceae family together with the genera Asterostroma , Dichostereum , Lachnocladium and Scytinostroma . These mushrooms all have thick-walled, dextrinoid hyphae in the form of astero- , dendro- or dichohyphidia as a common characteristic . Functionally, these hyphidia correspond to the connective hyphae found in many polypores . In many species, these hyphae are the dominant type of hyphae, so that the fungi have more or less tough fruiting bodies. Usually the Lachnocladiaceae do not form a closed hymenium. Instead, the basidia are formed deep in the hymenium between the hyphids and only stretch to the surface when they are ripe in order to release their spores. Therefore, the basidia are often urn-shaped. They have a broad base from which a slender, elongated neck quickly grows under suitable conditions. This type of hymenium is known as the catahymenium . The Catahymenium is an adaptation to temporary periods of drought. The differently shaped hyphids reduce evaporation, much like the hair on the leaves of some xerophytes (plants adapted to drought). Under suitable conditions, basidiols can mature quickly and sporulate. Recent molecular biological relationship analyzes show that Peniophora , Gloiothele and Vesiculomyces species also belong to the Lachnocladiaceae relationship, although these species have no dicho- or asterohyphids. Dendrohyphids occur in some representatives of the Peniophora . In the past, the delimitation of the two closely related genera Scytinostroma and Vararia was particularly controversial. Many mycologists thought that the genus separation was artificial and believed that both genera form a common natural taxon . The latest molecular biological investigations also show that both genera split into several lineages, with several branches containing representatives from both genera. The picture is still incomplete, however, as only a fraction of the species have been investigated using molecular biology. The genus Scytinostroma was introduced in order to distinguish species with sparsely branched, dextrinoid skeletal hyphae from species with richly branched, dichohyphid, as are typical of the members of the genus Vararia . It is also unclear whether and how the genus Lachnocladium differs from the two genera mentioned above. Only the species of the genera Dichostereum and Peniophora seem to form two monophyletic groups within the family. Like Vararia , Dichostereum has dichohyphids, but in contrast to Vararia, it has spherical, roughly ornamented, amyloid spores. The investigated Peniophora species also form a common cluster. Peniophora is also a very species-rich genus. Most species have nodular-septate hyphae, sulfopositive gloeocystids and characteristic thick-walled, encrusted cystids called metuloids . The spores are always smooth and inamyloid . The species are closely related to Vararia investiens of the type species of the genus Vararia and are a sister taxon of the genus Dichostereum .
species
Over 50 species are known worldwide, the following species occur in German-speaking countries:
| Scientific name | author | German name |
|---|---|---|
| Vararia gallica | (Bourdot & Galzin 1911) Boidin 1951 | |
| Vararia hauerslevii | Boidin 1989 | |
| Vararia investiens | (Pig.) P. Karst. 1903 | |
| Vararia ochroleuca | (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk 1930 | Ocher-colored yellow felt mushroom , ocher-yellow vararia |
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c A. Bernicchia and SP Gorjón: Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae sl volume 12 , 2010, p. 707 ( online ).
- ↑ a b c General-Description of Vararia P. Karsten. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed February 19, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Jens H. Petersen & Thomas Læssøe: about the genus Albatrellus. In: MycoKey. Retrieved February 22, 2013 .
- ↑ Vararia. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed February 19, 2013 .
- ↑ Vararia. P. Karst., Kritisk Öfversigt af Finlands Basidsvampar, Tillägg 3: 32 (1898). In: CABI databases: speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved February 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Ellen and Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: The Mycological Society of America (ed.): Mycologia, . Vol .: 95, No. 6 . Lawrence 2003, p. 1037-1065 . ( online ).
