Traffic networking

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Traffic networking describes the transitions between different types of traffic. Park and Ride , for example, was introduced long before digitization - an example of the networking of individual car traffic with local public transport. Railway stations built at airports link rail and air traffic. Since around 2010, ideas for networking cars with each other and with their environment, such as traffic lights, have been emerging. This variant of the transport network is Car2x ( English vehicle-to-everything ; V2X), with its manifestations vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-road (V2R), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to -Network (V2N) and Vehicle-to-Person (V2P). Traffic networking is based on the sum of all traffic participants, i.e. the traffic network .

task

The tasks of V2X are to increase traffic safety, transport efficiency and save energy. Such a network is necessary for autonomous driving .

execution

The following means of transmission are available:

  • WiFi and
  • a V2X network based on a cellular network that overlays the standardized WLAN-using networks.

A protocol for such a system was published by the IEEE in 2012 as IEEE 802.11p . It supports V2V and V2I ( dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)).

In 2016, the partnership project for the 3rd generation (cellular standard ) published an LTE- based specification. This is called Cellular V2X (C-V2X) to distinguish it from the V2X technology based on 802.11p. C-V2X also supports V2N and also allows further development to use the 5G cellular standard.

As of December 2017, however, only one European vehicle manufacturer had announced that it would use V2X with 802.11p from 2019.

Studies from 2017 and 2018 indicate that the C-V2X is superior to the 802.11p standard in terms of performance, range and reliability. The studies relate to tests on a smaller scale and simulations, whereas 802.11p has already proven its function in mass tests in real environments.

Technology overview

802.11p

Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)

The original form of the V2K uses WLAN technology between the vehicles that belong to the vehicle ad hoc network of the other participants within the range of the WLAN. Since no infrastructure is required, this technology is suitable for contributing to traffic safety in structurally weak areas. WLAN is suitable for this application due to its short delay times due to the short control sequences and therefore the small amount of data. The radio technology is defined for the USA in the " IEEE 802.11 " rules. In Europe as ITS-G5.

3GPP (C-V2X)

Newer V2X solutions use cellular networks called Cellular V2X (or C-V2X) to differentiate them from networks that use WLAN. Numerous industrial organizations, such as the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), promote the use of C-V2X because it has advantages over the WLAN-based standard. However, disadvantages are not explained.

C-V2X was originally defined as LTE version 14 of the 3GPP for the applications V2V, V2I and V2N. With version 16, the functionality was expanded to support the 5G standard . A characteristic of the C-V2X is that it is designed to be upwards and downwards compatible, combined with higher costs.

Communication between vehicle and vehicle (V2V) and between vehicle and infrastructure uses the so-called PC5 interface.

In addition to communication via the PC5 interface, the C-V2X enables regular communication via the Uu interface to the base station of the radio network.

Applications

Direct V2V communication enables numerous security systems such as:

  • Right of way for vehicles
    with special rights

  • Lane narrowing

  • Brake warning

  • Toll station report

A report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) lists the applications that are planned as part of the US European Standardization ( ETSI ). Earlier application examples focused on efficiency and road safety.

In the medium term, V2X is the key to autonomous driving, provided that the vehicle computer is allowed to intervene in the vehicle control system.

Development of the standards

IEEE 802.11p

The WLAN-based V2X is based on a series of standards drawn up by ASTM International . The series of “ASTM E 2213” standards deals with radio communication from vehicle-to-vehicle and from vehicle-to-infrastructure with high data rates. With the publication in 2002 the term WAVE was used for the first time for V2X.

As of 2004, the Institute Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) began to include wireless access to vehicles in their standards for WLAN. In 2012, the IEEE 802.11p standard was incorporated into the IEEE 802.11 standard.

Around 2007, after IEEE 802.11p had stabilized, the IEEE began to develop the 1609x series of standards, with which the applications and safety-related rules were standardized. Here the IEEE used the term WAVE.

Shortly thereafter, SAE International began specifying standards for V2V, which was referred to as DSRC. At the same time, ETSI founded the Transport Telematics Committee . The ETSI chose the term ITS-G5 for this. All of these standards are based on IEEE 802.11p.

Between 2012 and 2013, the Japanese Broadcasting Standardization Organization established a V2V and V2I a standard for the 700 MHz frequency range based on IEEE 802.11

In 2015, the ITU published a summary of all V2V and V2I standards worldwide, including ETSI, IEEE, ARIB and TTA.

3GPP

The standardization of Cellular V2X (C-V2X) began in 2014 with version 14 of IEEE 802.11p, based on use with LTE and was published in 2016. Since it requires the use of LTE, it is also known as LTE-V2X and describes both V2V and V2I as well as V2N.

With issue 15 the migration to 5G was made possible. This version is scheduled for release in 2018. [outdated]

With issue 16, the functionality of C-V2X will be expanded and the migration to 5G will be included.

Comparative studies and analyzes of the effectiveness of LTE-V2X PC5 and 802.11 in terms of accident prevention and the reduction of serious and fatal accidents have shown that LTE-V2X achieves better results. They also showed that LTE-V2X has better delivery rates and a higher range.

Cellular V2X solutions also offer the possibility of including other user groups, especially pedestrians and cyclists , by using the PC5 interface in smartphones in C-ITS systems.

By describing direct communication and communication via radio networks in a standard, it is possible to implement this in a single chipset . The availability of such chipsets also promotes the economic efficiency of using these types of networking.

Legal regulations

The use of frequencies for V2X is subject to regulations by the relevant authorities.

course

United States

In 1999, the Federal Communications Commission designated a 75 MHz band for intelligent transportation systems in the 5,850–5,925 GHz range.

Since then, the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) has been working with affected parties on V2X.

In 2012, a field test was carried out in Ann Arbor with 2,800 vehicles ( motorcycles , cars , buses and trucks ) from various manufacturers with equipment from various manufacturers.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) evaluated this attempt as confirmation that it could improve traffic safety and that the WAVE standards are interoperable and published a report in August 2014 that certified that the V2V technology was ready for introduction.

On August 20, 2014, the NHTSA published the announcement of the intended regulation in the official gazette , stating that the benefits of transport networking will only be achieved if the majority of road users are equipped with it. Because of the small advantage for early users, the NHTSA recommended the mandatory introduction.

On June 25, 2015, the United States House of Representatives held a hearing at which the NHTSA and other stakeholders supported V2X.

Europe

For the Europe-wide use of V2X, it was necessary to harmonize the frequencies that were assigned by ITS-G5 ETSI EN 302 571 for dedicated short- range communication in the 5,855-5,925 MHz frequency range. The corresponding ETSI document is ETSI TR 101 788.

Decision 2008/671 / EC of the European Commission established the 5,875–5,905 MHz frequency band for security applications in the transport sector (ITS).

In 2010, the ITS Directive 2010/40 / EU was adopted to ensure that ITS applications work across borders. For this purpose, areas for follow-up legislation regarding V2X were determined and suitability criteria were determined for the technologies used.

In 2014, the C-ITS Deployment Platform of the industrial participants at the European Commission began working on framework provisions for V2X in the EU. In these, key elements for a Europe-wide security solution for V2X (PKI) and for data protection as well as preparations for a standard migration were defined in order to prevent mutual radio interference between V2X working with ITS-G5 and toll systems .

In its action plan for 5G, the European Commission recognized the ITS-G5 technology as the basis, as did the explanatory accompanying document, in order to create an environment consisting of ITS-G5 and the radio network targeted by the EU member states.

Pilot projects at EU or national level are SCOOP @ F, Testfeld Telematik, the Testbett Autobahn, the “Rotterdam - Vienna” ITS corridor, Nordic Way, COMPASS4D or C-ROADS.

Frequency ranges

The assignment for C-ITS in different countries:

country Spectrum (MHz) Bandwidth (MHz)
Australia 5,855-5,925 70
China 5,905–5,925 (attempts) 20th
Europe 5,875-5,905 30th
Japan 755.5-764.5 and 5,770-5,850 9 and 80
Korea 5,855-5,925 70
Singapore 5,875-5,925 50
United States 5,850-5,925 70

Transition period

The introduction of V2X technology (products based on either C-V2X or 802.11p) will be gradual. The main obstacle are legal and legal issues. It is also necessary that most vehicles are equipped with this technology in order for the technology to take effect. The " The Economist " sees that driving with V2X technology is more determined by legislation than by the technology.

A study suggests that benefits in terms of road safety can be expected even in the transition period.

Associations

See also

Web links

Press releases

Remarks

  • WIRELESS INTERNET ACCESS
  1. ↑ WLAN transmits CAM (Cooperative Awareness Messages), Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENM) or Basic Safety Message (BSM)
  • LTE
  1. ↑ The designation PC5 refers to a reference point that is used to communicate with other user devices. In the In 3GPP RAN specification this is referred to as a sidelink. the original purpose of this point was to enable authorities to use LTE in the event of a disaster.
  2. ↑ Uu is an interface protocol
  • notes
  1. ↑ A distinction must be made between draft and final norm

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ C-V2X paves the way to 5G for autonomous driving. Retrieved August 19, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c d An assessment of LTE - V2X (PC5) and 802.11p direct communications technologies for improved road safety in the EU. (PDF) Retrieved August 19, 2018 .
  3. ↑ a b White Paper on ITS spectrum utilization in the Asia Pacific Region. (PDF) Retrieved August 19, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Ingo Kuss: V2x communication: mobile and direct radio in comparison. Retrieved June 15, 2019 .
  5. ↑ EN 302 663 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Access layer specification for Intelligent Transport Systems operating in the 5 GHz frequency band. (PDF) Retrieved August 20, 2018 (English).
  6. ↑ The Case for Cellular V2X for Safety and Cooperative Driving. (PDF) Retrieved August 20, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Dino Flore: Initial Cellular V2X standard completed. September 26, 2016, accessed August 20, 2018 .
  8. ↑ LTE V2X Communication - Scenario and OAI Roadmap. (PDF) p. 6 , accessed on August 20, 2018 (English).
  9. ^ Uu interface protocol stack. Accessed August 20, 2018 .
  10. ^ NHTSA: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application. (PDF) Retrieved August 20, 2018 (English).
  11. ↑ ETSI TR 102638 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular communications; Basic Set of Applications; Definition. (PDF) Retrieved August 20, 2018 (English).
  12. ↑ SAE J2945 / x family of standards. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original ; accessed on August 20, 2018 .
  13. ↑ Xiao-Feng Xie, Zun-Jing Wang: SIV-DSS: Smart in-vehicle decision support system for driving at signalized intersections with V2I communication . In: Transportation Research Part C . tape 90 , 2018, p. 181–197 , doi : 10.1016 / j.trc.2018.03.008 .
  14. ↑ 1609.x family of standards. Retrieved August 2, 2018 .
  15. ↑ ETSI technical committee ITS: news from european standardization for intelligent transport systems (ITS). Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  16. ↑ ETSI TR 101 607; Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Cooperative ITS (C-ITS); Release 1. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  17. ↑ ARIB STD-T109; 700 MHz band; Itelligent Transport Systems. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  18. ↑ TTA. Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  19. ↑ Recommendation ITU-R M.2084-0; Radio interface standards of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications for Intelligent Transport System applications. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  20. ↑ Federal Communication Commission -Amendment of Parts 2 and 90 of the Commission's Rules to Allocate the 5.850-5.925 GHz Band to the Mobile Service for Dedicated Short Range Communications of Intelligent Transportation Services ET Docket No. 98-95. Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  21. ↑ Safety Pilot Model Deployment Technical Fact Sheet. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  22. ^ NHTSA: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Readiness of V2V Technology for Application. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  23. ↑ Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications, Docket No. NHTSA – 2014–0022. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  24. ^ Hearing in US Congress. Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  25. ↑ First version ETSI EN 302 571: Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Radiocommunications equipment operating in the 5 855 MHz to 5 925 MHz frequency band; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R & TTE Directive. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  26. ^ Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System Reference document (SRdoc); Technical characteristics for pan European harmonized communications equipment operating in the 5.855 GHz to 5.925 GHz range intended for road safety and traffic management, and for non-safety related ITS applications. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  27. ↑ 2008/671 / EG: Commission decision of August 5, 2008 on the harmonized use of radio frequencies in the 5875 - 5905 MHz frequency band for safety-related applications of intelligent transport systems (ITS) , accessed on August 21, 2018
  28. ↑ Directive 2010/40 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 7, 2010 on the framework for the introduction of intelligent traffic systems in road traffic and for their interfaces to other modes of transport , accessed on August 21, 2018
  29. ↑ C-ITS Deployment Platform - Final Report, January 2016. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 .
  30. ^ Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Mitigation techniques to avoid interference between European CEN Dedicated Short Range Communication (CEN DSRC) equipment and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) operating in the 5 GHz frequency range. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  31. ↑ 5G for Europe: An Action Plan - COM (2016) 588, footnote 29. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  32. ↑ 5G Global Developments - SWD (2016) 306, page 9. Accessed August 21, 2018 (English).
  33. ↑ Amsterdam Declaration - Cooperation in the field of connected and automated driving. (PDF) Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  34. ↑ SCOOP @ F Part 2. Retrieved on August 21, 2018 (English).
  35. ↑ The perfect passenger. Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  36. ↑ 1 billion euros for European transport networks - including seven German projects. Retrieved August 21, 2018 .
  37. ↑ Junko Yoshida: Counter Argument: 3 Reasons We Need V2X. September 17, 2013, accessed August 19, 2018 .
  38. ↑ personnel transportation - About World. In: The Economist. September 3, 2016, accessed August 19, 2018 .