Treaty of Canfranc

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The Treaty of Canfranc was a treaty signed on October 28, 1288 between the English King Edward I and King Alfons III. of Aragón on the release of King Charles II of Naples .

prehistory

In the 1280s, the English King Edward I tried to mediate between the warring kingdoms of Aragón and Sicily , which was supported by France. After the island of Sicily had risen in the Sicilian Vespers against the rule of the House of Anjou , a branch of the French royal family, the island was given to Peter III. fell from Aragón , so that the kings of the House of Anjou only had the mainland with Naples . From 1284 to 1285, the French King Philip III. waged a futile war against Aragón . The aim of the English king had now probably been to pacify the western kingdoms in order to enable a common new crusade in support of the crusader states in the Holy Land, which were hard pressed by the Muslims . In 1286 Edward I traveled to France, where he first brokered an armistice between France and Aragón in Paris. In his own dispute with France over possession of the Quercy , he had agreed to a compromise. In July 1286, Edward I of Paris traveled on to Gascony, which was part of his empire .

Conclusion of the Canfranc contract

In the conflict between Aragón and Naples-Sicily in 1284, Charles of Salerno , who had inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily as Charles II in 1285, was taken prisoner in Aragon. Alfons III von Aragón wanted to take advantage of this to secure possession of Sicily. In the Treaty of Cefalù , signed in 1286 , he had Sicily handed over to his brother Jacob . In July 1287 he met Edward I in Oloron-Sainte-Marie in Gascony. Alfons III In the contract of Oleron-Sainte-Marie he declared himself ready to release Karl von Salerno against payment of 50,000 marks , of which 30,000 marks were to be paid immediately in cash. The eldest three sons of Charles of Salerno and 50 nobles from Provence were to be held hostage to secure the contract, and Charles himself had to make a peace with Aragón within three years. Since Pope Honorius IV, who sympathized with France, died in April 1287 and no new Pope had been elected so far, the Curia raised no objections. Since Provence should fall to Aragon in the event of non-fulfillment of the treaty, the French King Philip IV tried to prevent the implementation of the treaty, and as a result the new Pope Nicholas IV declared the treaty invalid. However, Edward I was apparently determined to secure the release of Charles of Salerno. In October 1288 there were new negotiations between English and Aragonese negotiators in Canfranc , Aragon, which led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Canfranc on October 28th. In this Edward I declared himself ready to provide the hostages himself until the required 30,000 marks were paid to Aragon. The hostages included Gaston de Béarn , one of Gascon's most powerful nobles, and several confidants of Edward's entourage, Otton de Grandson , John de Vescy , William Latimer , Hugh Audley and John de St John . The hostages were held in honorable light detention until the English king, with great effort, was able to raise the required amount. Before March 1289, the hostages were released again. Alfons III released Karl von Salerno, who had to make concessions to Alfons.

consequences

After his release, Karl did not want to keep the concessions he had to make for his release in the Treaty of Canfranc. The Pope crowned him, in violation of the contract to the king of Sicily and gave him for breaking the oath he had taken to comply with the contract, the absolution . The Pope also allowed him to raise a crusade tithe for the war against Aragón. Otton de Grandson, who was the English envoy at the papal court, objected to this breach of the treaty in vain. Thus the diplomatic efforts of the English king had failed, so that no common crusade of the western kingdoms came about. Without sufficient support, the remnants of the crusader states were conquered by the Mamluks in 1291 . In 1291, in negotiations in Tarascon, Charles of Salerno had to conclude an armistice with Aragón, in which he recognized his rule in Sicily. Shortly afterwards Alfonso III died without his marriage to the English king's daughter having been consummated. The planned marriage alliance between England and Aragón had thus failed. The 30,000 marks that Edward I had paid for the release of Karl von Salerno was of course to be repaid by him, but apparently the English king did not get any part of the money back. The conflict between France and the House of Anjou on the one hand and Aragón on the other was settled in 1295 in the Peace of Anagni and finally permanently in the Peace of Caltabellotta, concluded in 1302 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Prestwich: Edward I . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 326
  2. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 323
  3. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 324
  4. ^ Spencer Tucker: A global chronology of conflict: from the ancient world to the modern Middle East . ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2010. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5 , p. 291
  5. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 326
  6. ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 325