Treaty of Corbeil (1326)

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The deed by which the Scottish King Robert Bruce recognized the Treaty of Corbeil in 1326

The Treaty of Corbeil was an alliance treaty between France and Scotland , which was concluded on April 26, 1326 in Corbeil, northern France . He renewed the Auld Alliance between the two realms.

background

The alliance between France and Scotland, which was concluded in the Treaty of Paris in 1295 and directed against their common enemy England , was ended by the Peace of Paris concluded in 1303 between England and France . The Scots who continued to fight England were excluded from the peace . Three years later, the French King Philip IV had refused the usurpation of the Scottish throne by Robert Bruce . It was not until 1309 that the French king recognized Bruce as king, but did not support him in the further war against England. From 1323 France was again at war with England . It is unclear whether the initiative for new alliance negotiations came from France or Scotland. The Scots had only just signed a long-term armistice in the war with England in 1323. However, further negotiations for a lasting peace remained fruitless. During a Scottish parliament in Scone in March 1325 a new alliance with France was discussed. Parliament decided to send an impressive embassy to France to offer an alliance to the French King Charles IV . The legation included Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray and Robert Keith , the Marischal of Scotland . They were assisted by three clergymen, namely James Ben , Archdeacon of St Andrews, Adam de Moravia , Rector of Kilmany and Walter de Twynham , a canon from Glasgow.

Negotiations between Scotland and France

The Scots certainly knew that the English King Edward II had already started negotiations with France. Around March 20, 1325 he had sent his wife Isabelle , who was a sister of the French king, to France for further peace negotiations. The English feared that the Scots might take advantage of the war with France and break the armistice. In June 1325 the Scottish embassy had reached Paris and were conducting initial negotiations. However, this stalled when peace was agreed between France and England. In September 1326, the English heir to the throne, Edward, instead of his father, paid homage to the French king for the English possessions in France. Then, however, the English queen and the heir to the throne refused to return to England in protest against the influence of the favorites on her husband. At least the Earl of Moray had used the time to travel to the Curia in Avignon . There he led with Pope John XXII. Negotiations to lift the excommunication of Rober Bruce and to lift the interdict imposed on Scotland . However, these negotiations were unsuccessful because the Pope, probably influenced by the English king, had confirmed the excommunication and the interdict before Moray arrived in Avignon. In Paris, the situation around the English queen and the heir to the throne came to a head when they received more and more support from English nobles who followed her into exile in opposition to Edward II. In the meantime, she was gathering support for an invasion of England to overthrow her husband. Although the French king let his sister have her way, he actually wanted peace with England and a return of his sister to her husband. Through an alliance with Scotland, he hoped to put the English king under pressure and thus increase his sister's safety after her return. That is probably why he concluded a defensive alliance with the Scottish ambassadors in April in the Corbeil. But this had already made further preparations for the invasion. Even before February 25, 1326, Isabelle had agreed with the Earl of Moray that the Scots would not take advantage of a military landing of their followers in England to invade northern England themselves. In Scotland, the Scottish King confirmed the Treaty of Corbeil in Stirling before July 12, 1326 .

Content of the contract

According to this treaty, the Scottish king undertook to enter the war on the French side in the event of a new Anglo-French war. A war between England and France would end the existing armistice between Scotland and England. If there were to be war between Scotland and England, France would not have to enter the war. The French king would, however, if desired, support the Scots with advice and help, especially diplomatically. The treaty thus favored the French over the Scots.

consequences

Already in the autumn of 1326 tensions between England on the one hand and Scotland and France on the other increased. In September Queen Isabelle landed in England with a small force . She quickly received support from other magnates, so that the rule of her husband Edward II collapsed. In November 1326 the fugitive king was captured. As agreed, Scotland had not taken advantage of Isabelle's invasion to attack.

The alliance between France and Scotland continued even when the French King Charles IV died in early 1328 without a direct heir and his relative Philip of Valois succeeded him to the throne. When John Randolph and other Scottish barons came to the French court at the end of 1333 after the Scottish defeats at the beginning of the Second Scottish War of Independence , the French king offered the young Scottish king David II asylum. As a result, he supported the Scots in the war against England from 1334 diplomatically and later also militarily. In the Hundred Years War that followed, Scotland sided with France.

literature

  • Norman Macdougall: An antidote to the English. The auld alliance, 1295-1560 . Tuckwell, East Linton 2001, ISBN 1-86232-145-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Geoffrey WS Barrow: Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland . Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1965, p. 356.
  2. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 257.
  3. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 258.
  4. ^ A b Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 259.
  5. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 263.
  6. ^ A b Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 267.
  7. ↑ Alison Weir: Isabella - She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. Random House, London 2005. ISBN 0-7126-4194-7 , pp. 200-201.
  8. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 268.
  9. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 274.
  10. ↑ Michael Penman: Robert the Bruce. King of the Scots . Yale University Press, New Haven 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-14872-5 , p. 288.
  11. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 282.
  12. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 283.