Second Scottish War of Independence

Second Scottish War of Independence ( The War of the Three Kings , English The War of the three Kings ) was a military conflict between England and Scotland . Beginning in 1332, English nobles who were claiming possessions in Scotland first attempted an invasion of Scotland. They could first defeat a Scottish army and have Edward Balliol, whom they supported, crowned king. However, this could not assert itself, whereupon in the summer of 1333 the English King Edward III.led an army to Scotland. The Scots were defeated again, but the Scottish magnates continued to offer resistance even after further campaigns by the English king. After several years of devastating guerrilla warfare, the English king turned to war with France. When the Scottish king was captured by the English in 1346, the English king only undertook a half-hearted campaign to Scotland due to the ongoing war with France. But the war in Scotland did not actually end until 1357, when the Scottish king was released after long negotiations.

Starting position

After decades of war , England had to recognize independence from Scotland in the Peace of Edinburgh and Northampton in 1328. In it the English crown renounced all claims to Scottish property. Between England and Scotland the border from before 1296 was again in effect. During the war, however, the English crown had given extensive holdings to English magnates as fiefs, which were now considered forfeit. There were also a number of Scottish and Anglo-Scottish magnates who had supported the English crown in the war. With the peace they finally lost their possessions in Scotland. For these English and Scottish magnates, no specific agreements on compensation were made in the peace agreement. Although some Scottish magnates had lost their properties in England as a result of the war, at the wedding of David , the Scottish heir to the throne, with the English king's daughter Johanna , the English queen Isabelle pushed for compensation for some English magnates, especially those who had already owned Scottish estates by inheritance before the war began. The Scots reacted cautiously to these demands, but on July 28, 1328, the Scottish King Robert I recognized in Glasgow claims by Henry Percy to areas that he had already owned before the beginning of the war. Although he did not immediately get back the estates to which he had inheritance claims , he was able to make legitimate claims to the baronies Urr in Galloway and Red Castle in Angus as a descendant of Henry Fishburn , a grandson of Henry Balliol of Red Castle . Apparently he got these areas back, because on December 20, 1330 the English king declared that Percy had no further claims to Scottish areas. According to the English crown, the barons Thomas Wake , Henry de Beaumont and William la Zouche still had legitimate inheritance claims to Scottish territories. These, along with other barons who had lost possessions in Scotland, were referred to as the disinherited .

Invasion of Scotland by the disinherited

Efforts of the disinherited to return their possessions

Henry de Beaumont and Thomas Wake, along with Henry of Lancaster and David Strathbogie, were among the fiercest opponents of peace with Scotland. They were also among the sharpest opponents of Roger Mortimer , the actual ruler of England, who replaced the underage King Edward III. led the government. Mortimer was able to put down the revolt of Lancaster and his supporters in early 1329. Beaumont and Wake had to flee into exile. After the young Edward III. was able to overthrow Mortimer in a coup d'état in October 1330, the exiles were able to return and quickly regained influence. Just a few days after the king had given them back their confiscated property, Edward III demanded. on December 20, 1330, in a letter to David II, instructed him not only to return their Scottish possessions to Wake and Beaumont, but also to other disinherited people. The underage David II, who had ascended the Scottish throne after the death of his father Robert I in 1329, confirmed receipt of the letter from Edward III, but diplomatic efforts in favor of the disinherited were unsuccessful. Since the Scots had not yet paid all the money that they wanted to pay to the English crown after the peace agreement, the English king took no further action in order not to jeopardize the payment of the outstanding funds. By the summer of 1331, the Scots finally paid the outstanding amount.

Preparations of the disinherited for an attack on Scotland

After paying the last installment of the Scottish money, Beaumont and Strathbogie traveled to France on behalf of the king in 1331, apparently also meeting with Edward Balliol , who was in exile in France and who, as the son of the former king John Balliol, had a claim to the Scottish throne would have. Balliol was initially primarily interested in the return of his family's English possessions. These were confiscated by King Edward I in 1296 at the beginning of the war with Scotland . In the summer of 1331 Beaumont brought him back to England, where a little later he met with many of the disinherited. Apparently the Scots saw Balliol's arrival in England as a threat. They called a parliament to Scone for November 1331 . There the young David II was subsequently crowned king. In doing so, they apparently wanted to anticipate Balliol's claims.

In England, the disinherited consulted with Edward III. about how to proceed. They wanted to invade Scotland with an army, but the king had scruples about betraying his brother-in-law David II. So he forbade them to invade Scotland by land. He officially directed his officials to keep the peace with Scotland and arrest aggressors. Secretly, however, the disinherited were allowed to use northern England as a base to pull troops there and equip ships with which they wanted to sail to Scotland. With the permission of the king, the disinherited were also allowed to mortgage their property to raise money for the planned invasion of Scotland. Beaumont and Balliol supporters included Isabel de Vescy , Beaumont's sister, Beaumont's son-in-law David Strathbogie, his uncle Richard Talbot , Gilbert de Umfraville , Ralph Stafford , Alexander and John Mowbray , John Felton , Henry Ferrers with two of his brothers, Thomas Ughtred , Nicholas Beche , Fulk Fitz Warin , Robert Winchester and one or both of the names of Walter Comyn . Even Walter Mauny , a knight of the royal household belonged to the army of the disinherited of what is considered as a clear sign that Edward III. was privy to the project. Those disinherited who did not support the expedition included Henry Percy, who had been compensated through the intervention of the Crown through Robert Bruce, and Thomas Wake, who had made preparations to join the expedition but through a feud with the abbot of Croyland was deterred from the campaign. According to the chroniclers, the army of the disinherited was between 1500 and 2000 strong. Among them were about 500 knights and men-at-arms . There were numerous archers among the foot soldiers. The army was nominally under the command of Edward Balliol, but the actual military leader was Henry de Beaumont.

Invasion of the Disinherited and Battle of Dupplin Moor

→ Main article : Battle of Dupplin Moor

After the death of Robert I, the experienced military man Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, was the Guardian of Scotland for the underage David II . When Moray died on July 20, 1332 after a long illness, the disinherited hoped to exploit the power vacuum in Scotland after the Guardian's death. Her army set out for Scotland on July 31st with about 88 larger and smaller ships from Ravenser , Barton and Hull . However, the Scottish magnates acted swiftly after the Guardian's death. They met in Perth on August 2nd , where they elected Donald of Mar as the new Guardian. Mar was a seasoned military man and related to the Scottish king, but had at times supported the English. Although he was elected unanimously, there were suspicions that he was secretly in contact with the disinherited or even allied with them. Immediately after his appointment as Guardian, Mar received the information that the disinherited were on their way to Scotland with a fleet. To repel the attack, he instructed Patrick of Dunbar, Earl of March , to raise an army on the south bank of the Forth . Mar himself raised an army on the north bank of the Forth. In fact, the disinherited landed on August 6 at Kinghorn on the north bank. There they struck a contingent of the Earl of Fife that wanted to prevent their landing in the battle at Kinghorn . Then the disinherited moved towards Perth. However, they found the passage over the River Earn blocked by the Army of the Guardian, while the Army of the Earl of March followed them from the south. By betrayal, the disinherited learned of a ford over the Earn, which they were able to cross on the night of August 10-11. The following day the Guardian's army suffered a crushing defeat against the disinherited at the Battle of Dupplin Moor . The Guardian, the Earls of Moray and Menteith and numerous other Scottish barons died in the battle, while the army of the disinherited is said to have suffered little losses. Then the disinherited occupied Perth, which they quickly fortified. The remaining Scottish troops under the Earl of March besieged the city, but on August 24, a Scottish fleet under the command of the Flemish pirate John Crab suffered a heavy defeat against an English supply fleet . A little later, the Scots broke off the siege, especially since there was an uprising by Scottish supporters of Balliol in Galloway . In Galloway were the ancestral possessions of the Balliols, and these supporters, led by Eustace Maxwell, plundered properties of the neighboring supporters of David II. Andrew Murray , a wealthy baron, was appointed the new Guardian of Scotland . He moved to Galloway with the Earl of March, John Randolph , the new Earl of Moray and Archibald Douglas to put down the rebellion there.

Attempt to consolidate Balliol's rule

Coronation in scone

After the besiegers withdrew from Perth, Balliol and his supporters believed that their invasion of Scotland was a success. Bishop William Sinclair von Dunkeld submitted to Balliol, while Bishop James Bennet of St Andrews fled abroad, where he died shortly afterwards. The abbots of Dunfermline , Coupar , Inchaffray , Arbroath and Scone, as well as several Scottish barons such as the Earl of Fife recognized Balliol as the new king. On September 24th, he was crowned King of Scots in Scone , the traditional Scottish coronation site. To break the resistance of the followers of David II south of the Forth and to relieve his supporters in Galloway, Balliol then moved to southern Scotland. He left Perth in the care of the Earl of Fife. While Balliol moved to Galloway via Cunninghame and Kyle , Simon Fraser , Robert Keith , John Lindsay and others took Perth by storm on October 7, 1332. The Earl of Fife was captured and taken to Kildrummy Castle .

Seal of Edward Balliol as King of Scotland

Secure Galloway and skirmish at Roxburgh Bridge

Balliol was able to quickly secure the possession of Galloway, as the Guardian Murray did not have enough troops available to face him in a field battle. But when Balliol moved to the important border town of Roxburgh , Murray saw an opportunity to capture him. In the mistaken opinion that Balliol had separated from his troops to visit Kelso Abbey , the Guardian had the bridge over the Tweed destroyed. Balliol had apparently not parted with his troops. The Scots fled when they noticed the majority of the approaching disinherited. However, Murray tried to save a Scottish knight from capture with a few companions. He was captured by numerous knights of the disinherited and presumably captured by Walter Mauny together with the military engineer John Crab. Both Crab and Murray were sent to England. While Murray remained in captivity, the Dutch-born Crab changed sides and served the English king from then on. After Murray's capture, Archibald Douglas became the new Guardian of Scotland. Balliol on the other hand, after his success at Roxburgh, gave away lands to his followers that had been declared confiscated. Above all, however, on November 23, 1332, he recognized in a document the supremacy of the English king, to whom he had evidently sworn allegiance before he left for Scotland. He undertook to serve in the army both on the British Isles and on mainland Europe, while evidently he was not entitled to participate in the English parliaments . In a second document, Balliol stated that he would cede considerable parts of southern Scotland to the English king in gratitude for his support. The exact areas were to be determined by an Anglo-Scottish commission, but the transfer should take place before Michaelmas 1333. However, this assignment was formally only a declaration of intent, which had to be first decided by a Scottish parliament and then approved by Balliol as king.

English Parliament in York

In England Edward III. on October 7, 1332 ordered the formation of 2,000 soldiers in Lancashire , Yorkshire , Derbyshire and Cheshire after Parliament had decided in September that, in view of the success of Balliol, the king himself should move north. While Edward III. made further preparations for the campaign to Scotland, he proposed Pope John XXII. after the death of Bishop Bennet his own candidate for Bishop of St Andrews. However, neither this nor any other candidate was confirmed as bishop by the Pope, so that the important diocese of St Andrews remained vacant for a total of nine years. Officially, Eduard III. at this time, however, the peace made in 1328 was still valid and received envoys from the Scottish Guardian in Newcastle . After Edward III. had learned of Balliol's coronation, he called a parliament in York on October 20 for December 4, 1332. Parliament in York met belatedly, and even then numerous magnates had still not appeared. During this Parliament the future position of Scotland was discussed. The parliament on December 11th rejected the attempt by Edward III. from claiming direct rule over Scotland. Thereupon the king extended the parliament until January 20, 1333. He hoped that by then more magnates would appear who would support his position.

Battle of Annan and Balliol's escape from Scotland

→ Main article : Battle of Annan

In Scotland, after the battle at Roxburgh Bridge, the Earl of March and Archibald Douglas are said to have concluded an armistice with Balliol that was limited to February 2, 1333. After the armistice expired, a Scottish parliament would decide whether David II or Balliol should be the Scottish king. In any case, Balliol felt so safe that he dismissed his English supporters before Christmas and only traveled with a small entourage to Annan , where he wanted to spend Christmas. At dawn on December 17, 1332, however, Archibald Douglas and the Earl of Moray, along with other Scottish magnates, attacked Annan. Numerous members of Balliol's entourage were killed in the following battle , while Balliol managed to save himself and flee to England. As a result, his rule in Scotland collapsed.

Open entry of England into the war

The Siege of Berwick

→ Main article : Siege of Berwick (1333)

Balliol fled to Carlisle , where he found refuge with Ranulph Dacre , Christiana de Guignes and Robert Clifford . He now asked Edward III. for direct support. The Privy Council convinced the king that England was at war with Scotland because, as a French ally, it was no longer bound by the peace of 1328. However, when Parliament met again in York on January 20, 1333, the magnates continued to hesitate to launch a new campaign in Scotland. Parliament only entrusted Archbishop William Melton of York, Bishop William Airmyn of Norwich, Henry Percy, William Clinton , William Denholme and William Shareshull with the defense of the Scottish Marches. These were apparently ready to support a campaign to Scotland, because after Parliament had ended, preparations for a campaign to Scotland began on January 30th. Balliol crossed the border a little later with his supporters and several English magnates and invaded Roxburghshire in mid-March. Without much difficulty he captured Oxnam , a fortress owned by Robert Colville . After they sacked the area, Balliol moved his army on to Berwick , where he began the siege of the city.

Battle of Halidon Hill

→ Main article : Battle of Halidon Hill

Contrary to their tactics in previous English attacks, the Scots were determined to hold Berwick against an English attack. After the city ​​was conquered in 1318 , Robert I had the fortifications reinforced. The Scottish Guardian Archibald Douglas did not want to attack the siege army openly, but undertook several raids to the north of England to persuade the besiegers to break off the siege. The English king used these attacks as a pretext for his planned campaign to Scotland. By mid-April he had gathered a strong army in Newcastle, with which he reinforced the siege troops off Berwick in May. After continuous bombardment by siege engines and several British attacks, the besieged signed an armistice on the condition that they surrender on July 20th if no Scottish relief army had defeated the English troops by then. Now the Guardian was under pressure to act. With a strong Scottish army, he moved to Berwick, where Edward III. awaited him on Halidon Hill, northwest of town. The Scottish Army suffered a devastating defeat in the Battle of Halidon Hill on July 19. The next day Berwick surrendered.

Memorial stone for the Battle of Halidon Hill

Balliol reigned in Scotland

The distribution of the Scottish possessions

After the victory at Halidon Hill, the English king rewarded his knights with money, gifts and Scottish fiefs. Edward Balliol also generously rewarded his supporters. Among other things, he named his cousin John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, Scottish Earl of Strathearn . The previous Earl of Strathearn, Malise , had survived the Battle of Halidon, but then apparently voluntarily renounced his title. The English king believed, however, that Balliol would have stripped him of the title. Because of his voluntary renunciation, Malise was later accused of treason by the followers of David II. Warenne, however, had little use from the title, as he never got the Scottish region under his control. Another donation from Balliol led to a dispute between two of his allies. Despite Edward Bohun's claims to Annandale , Balliol enfeoffed Henry Percy with Lochmaben and Annandale on July 29, 1333 , whereby he reserved certain rights. This made the Percys one of the largest landowners in Scotland and determined supporters of Balliol's claim to the throne, but this donation led to a protracted dispute between Bohun and Percy. Balliol made the most important donation in favor of his most important supporter. Immediately after Halidon's victory, he turned Berwick, Berwick Castle and Berwickshire over to the King of England as part of the promised land transfers . The English king took over the administration of the city within a few weeks and replaced the Scottish officials with Englishmen. As a result of the Scottish defeat, the Scottish commander of Berwick Castle, the Earl of March, changed sides and henceforth supported the English king. He had to hand over Berwick Castle to Henry Percy, but with the right to re- fortify Dunbar Castle he was more than compensated. The English king supported him financially in rebuilding his castle.

Convinced that Scotland would be subject to the English victory at Halidon Hill, Edward III left. before July 29, 1333 Berwick, where he dismissed his army. Then he traveled to Bamburgh , where Queen Philippa was waiting for him, and traveled quickly south with her. He wanted to quickly send an embassy to France after the Scottish problem had apparently been resolved. However, the Scots had already sent the Earl of Moray and several prelates to France to ask the French king and the Pope for assistance. However, the French king Philip VI was. apparently reluctant to promise full support to the exiles. The English ambassadors, however, were able to reach an agreement with Count Ludwig von Flanders on September 8, 1333 . The important trading cities of Bruges , Ghent and Ypres had suffered from the English blockade of the Scottish ports and the count evidently wanted to resume trade quickly.

Fight against the remaining followers of David II.

In Scotland, Balliol and his supporters tried to subdue the last supporters of David II. On August 28, 1333 he commissioned Henry Percy with the conquest of Lochmaben Castle . However, Percy took his time with the siege of the castle, whose occupation then surrendered to Edward Bohun and David Strathbogie. This further fueled the conflict between Percy and Bohun over rule in Annandale. On September 15, Balliol in Glasgow handed over possessions in Roxburgh and the administration of the Forest of Selkirk to Geoffrey Mowbray , partly on behalf of his wife Isabel , the widowed Countess of Mar. David Strathbogie tried in the meantime to the Comyn inheritance to his wife in northern Scotland gain. In addition Strathbogie received from Balliol the confiscated possessions of Robert the Stewart in western Scotland and the title Steward of Scotland . In fact, Strathbogie was able to take possession of Renfrew , and Dunoon and Rothesay Castle were given to him . He now appointed Alsn de L'Isle sheriff of Bute and of Cowal . Robert the Stewart, the owner of Rothesay, hid near the castle until, with the help of John Gibson and William Heriot , he was able to escape to Inverkip by boat . From there he fled with a few loyal followers to David II in Dumbarton Castle . Besides Dumbarton, only the castles of Kildrummy, Urquhart , Lochleven and Loch Doon remained in the hands of followers of David II.

Parliament convened by Balliol from 1334

Balliol no longer regards the few scattered castles that were still owned by supporters of David II as a threat to his rule. In any case, he did not care about their conquest, but moved to Perth, which he declared his capital. In February 1334 he held a parliament in nearby Scone. Other participants were Balliol's supporters, the Earls of Buchan and Atholl as well as Ralph Stafford and Richard Talbot, as well as the English knights Ranulph Dacre, John Kingston , Thomas West and Peter Middleton , who presumably had received lands in Scotland. Since most of the Scottish barons were considered expropriated, few of them attended parliament, including the Earl of March, Alexander Seton and William Keith , who had been a defender of Berwick the previous year. Keith was rewarded for changing sides with the office of Steward of the Royal Household . Edward III. sent five envoys to Parliament with William Montagu , Ralph Neville , Geoffrey le Scrope , Edward Bohun and Henry Percy. The English envoys were received by Parliament on February 10th. Scrope, the spokesman for the ambassadors, demanded the implementation of the agreement Balliol had with Edward III. closed in Roxburgh. Balliol tried to delay this, but the English insisted on the surrender of the promised lands in the amount of 2000 librates , which Alexander Mowbray finally assured in consultation with Balliol on behalf of Parliament.

Unlike during the First Scottish War of Independence, the Scottish Church did not play a major role in the new struggle for independence. There was no determined leader among the bishops such as Robert Wishart or William de Lamberton had been during the First Revolutionary War. James Bennet, the Bishop of St Andrews, fled into exile after the defeat of Dupplin Moor, where he died a little later. Other Scottish prelates had also fled into exile. Bishop William Sinclair von Dunkeld, on the other hand, had not only stayed in Scotland, but had crowned Edward Balliol. Together with six other bishops, John Lindsay of Glasgow, Alexander de Kininmund of Aberdeen, Simon of Wedale of Galloway, Roger of Ross, Maurice of Dunblane and Adam de Moravia of Brechin, Sinclair took part in the Parliament of Balliol in 1334.

Map of Scotland (blue) with the areas that Edward Balliol was to cede to England in 1334 (brown)

David II escapes into exile in France

The English king held a parliament in York at the beginning of March 1334, where the transfer of the southern Scottish territories was discussed. Then the English king sent Archbishop John Stratford of Canterbury as envoy to France. According to the Treaty of Corbeil of 1326 , the French king was not obliged to provide military assistance to the Scots. Nevertheless Philip VI stayed. allied with the Scots. The French king received Archbishop Stratford in Senlis in April , but by now the Earl of Moray had apparently convinced the king that the cause of the supporters of David II was not completely lost. Before the arrival of the English ambassadors, Moray had traveled back to Scotland. He brought the invitation from the French king to the Scottish royal couple to seek refuge in France. Then David II and his wife left for France. In May 1334 they landed safely in Normandy , and Philip VI. received them and assigned them Château Gaillard as their residence. Over the next few years, the French king generously supported the Scottish royal couple. The French king made concessions to the English embassy around the Archbishop of Canterbury about the controversial Agenais in south-west France, but he now openly stated that he wanted to continue to support the Scottish resistance against Edward Balliol. French diplomats ask critically why Edward III. so openly violated the rights of his brother-in-law David II.

Château Gaillard in Normandy, which was the residence of David II during his exile

Assignment of southern Scotland in the Newcastle Agreement

The installation of Richard Bury as the new Bishop of Durham used Edward III to travel again to northern England. On June 5th he took part in the installation of the bishop, but on June 6th he was back in Newcastle, where he met Balliol. The English king paid considerable sums of money to Strathbogie, March and other supporters of Balliol. Under pressure from the English King, Balliol agreed on June 12 in Newcastle to cede Berwickshire , Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire , Peeblesshire , Edinburghshire and Dumfriesshire , the Forest of Selkirk and Jedburgh, and Linlithgow and Haddington to England. This assignment was testified by Thomas Wake, Henry Beaumont, David Strathbogie, Richard Talbot, and Alexander Mowbray. Presumably Balliol, as the Scottish king, had to pay homage to the English king as his overlord , but this has not been proven. Only a few days after this cession, the English king appointed sheriffs and other officials for the area. Shortly thereafter, Henry Percy was replaced by Anthony Lucy as commandant of Berwick. On June 19th the King of England and the Scottish King celebrated a splendid festival in Newcastle, before Edward III. traveled south again on June 20th.

Balliol's rule collapsed again

The Scottish Rebellion of 1334

The Scottish resistance to the rule of Balliol was not completely extinguished. In addition to several scattered castles, the residents of the West Scottish islands, which belonged to the property of Robert the Stewart, supported David II's claim to the throne. Stewart planned from Dumbarton Castle to recapture his possessions in southern Scotland. Balliol had given this to David Strathbogie as a fief. With the help of Dougal Campbell from Lochow , Stewart assembled a force of about 400 men with which he crossed over to Cowal in boats. There he captured Dunoon Castle. Encouraged by this success, the Isle of Bute residents overwhelmed the Balliol appointed sheriff, whereupon John Gibson occupied Rothesay Castle, the island's castle, on behalf of Stewart. A little later Stewart crossed over to Bute and stationed a garrison in the castle. In Kyle and Annandale, too, supporters of David II waged a guerrilla war against supporters of the English king. When the Earl of Moray returned to Scotland from France and promised the Scots support from the French king, there was a widespread revolt against English supremacy. The followers of David II met in Dumbarton, and around July 22nd the Moray, Stewart, Laurence of Abernethy and William Douglas, who had just been released from English captivity, crossed the Clyde . Stewart quickly received support in his ancestral barony of Renfrew, and lower Clydesdale also submitted to the supporters of David II. Godfrey Ross , the Sheriff of Ayrshire appointed by Balliol , joined the rebels after an attack on him. Soon after, most of Carrick , Cunninghame, and Kyle were in the hands of the rebels. Despite their youth, Moray and Stewart were soon recognized as the new Guardians of Scotland. Only in Galloway did they encounter serious resistance, since Balliol had his ancestral possessions and many followers there. A devastating guerrilla war broke out between them and the supporters of the rebels. After the rebels had gained control of the south-west of Scotland except for Galloway, they turned to south-east Scotland, which Balliol had just ceded to England. This cession was unpopular among the population, so that the rebels, with the exception of the castles and fortified cities, quickly gained control of the region in the summer of 1334. The newly arrived English officials had to flee to Berwick.

Inadequate support for Balliol from the English king

The alarmed Edward Balliol sent Thomas Ugthred to England to meet Edward III. To ask for help. Although news of the rebellion reached England no later than August 3, 1334, the extent of the rebellion was completely underestimated by the English government. She was convinced that Henry Percy and Ralph Neville could keep the southern Scottish territories under control by raising bids in the Scottish counties. It was not until August 20 that Edward III realized that the local contingent would not be enough to put down the rebellion. Yet only a small force was sent to Newcastle. On September 1st the king sent four warships to the north of England, hoping to be able to muster an army for a new campaign to Scotland by October 6th.

Balliol fled again to England

Given the hesitant reaction of the English king, Balliol could not count on his rapid support. His situation was exacerbated by disputes among his main followers. While there was already a revolt against the rule of Balliol in large parts of Scotland, the disinherited had argued at a meeting on August 24 in Stirling about the division of the inheritance of John Mowbray, who was killed in the Battle of Annan in 1332. Mowbray had left three daughters, but his brother Alexander claimed the inheritance as the closest male relative. Balliol was inclined to agree to this claim, while Henry Beaumont, David Strathbogie and Richard Talbot firmly rejected Alexander Mowbray's claim. The dispute was not yet resolved, but Beaumont, Strathbogie and Talbot left Stirling and wanted to retire to their estates. Strathbogie made his way to Lochindorb Castle in Moray, while Beaumont moved to Dundarg Castle in Aberdeenshire, which he had started to build. Talbot was on his way to the Highlands, where his wife's inherited estates were. On the way there he noticed the signs of widespread rebellion against English supremacy, so he turned back and tried to flee to England. Abandoned by his most important supporters, Balliol was humiliated by the betrayal of Alexander Mowbray, whom he sponsored, who seized Balliol's treasury and joined the rebels together with former Guardian Andrew Murray, who had just been released from English captivity. Thereupon Alexander's brother Geoffrey Mowbray, who had just been appointed Sheriff of Roxburgh, changed sides, although he had extensive estates in England through his wife Isabella. Abandoned by his courtiers and supporters, Balliol was able to flee to Berwick with difficulty. Richard Talbot, on the other hand, and his small entourage were on the run from William Keith, the previous steward of Balliol's household, and Godfrey Ross, the renegade sheriff of Ayr, and captured after a brief skirmish. The news of Talbot's capture and other events alerted the English Parliament that it had been meeting in Westminster since July 24th. Parliament then granted the King a tax of a fifteenth for the counties and a tenth for the boroughs and clergy to finance a new campaign in Scotland. With the collapse of English rule in southern Scotland, even Berwick was in danger, while Ralph Neville had only 60 men-at-arms and 60 mounted archers available to defend the Scottish Marches until November 11th. Only afterwards, when the king had sent troops north, were 23 knights, 97 men-at-arms and 100 mounted archers available to him. For this purpose the king had ordered the seizure of seven warships in order to supply the Strathbogie and Beaumont, which were enclosed in Scotland, by sea. Presumably these ships never reached Balliol's beleaguered supporters. Beaumont was besieged at Dundarg Castle by Andrew Murray and Alexander Mowbray. Strathbogie, on the other hand, was placed at Lochaber by the Earl of Moray. Outnumbered and half starved, Strathbogie changed sides on September 27, faced with the alternative of being executed. He swore allegiance to David II, after which Moray left the administration of northern Scotland to him. Apart from Beaumont, which was besieged at Dundarg Castle, the Earl of March was the only Scottish magnate to defend English rule in Scotland.

The English winter campaign to Roxburgh

Preparation of the campaign

After the successful Scottish rebellion against the rule of Balliol, the English King Edward III planned. a new campaign to restore Balliol to the Scottish throne and secure his Scottish possessions. To prevent the French King and Count of Flanders from intervening on behalf of the Scots, Edward III sent. on October 24, 1334 the Archbishop of Canterbury returned to Paris. This was followed shortly afterwards by another envoy, William Clinton . In early January 1335 the ambassadors returned to England. The English king had initially convened his army in Newcastle on October 6, 1334. However, the deployment of the army was delayed by almost a month.

The remains of Roxburgh Castle, which was often contested during the Second Scottish War of Independence. Photograph from 2006.

Strength of the English army

On November 2, Edward III agreed. and Balliol that the English soldiers in Scotland were allowed to plunder objects and cattle at will. The prospect of booty attracted numerous criminals to the English army, who were promised impunity for their military service. Two companies were recruited from the criminals, which thus formed only a small but distinct part of the English army and remained in the service of the king until February 11, 1335. In addition, the English army consisted of the knights of the royal household, of the English counties and of soldiers recruited in Wales. The troops of the royal household included twenty knights and seventeen other knights who joined the king and sometimes brought more soldiers with them as entourage. In addition, a royal bodyguard of up to 213 mounted archers was recruited for the campaign, especially in Cheshire . There were also more men-at-arms, archers and soldiers, so that shortly before Christmas 1334 the royal entourage consisted of 1,065 men. With John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall , Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick , Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel , John de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford and Gilbert de Umfraville, Titularearl of Angus attended five Earls with their Entourage in the campaign. John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, did not take part himself, but sent a large contingent of 40 men-at-arms and 40 mounted archers. In addition, Henry of Grosmont , Henry Percy, Ralph Neville and at least seventeen other magnates took part in the campaign. Their entourage consisted of at least 838 men-at-arms and 771 mounted archers. Edward Balliol also took part in the campaign with his entourage, with the English king supporting him between November 1334 and February 1335 with donations of over £ 760. While the contingents of the king and magnates were practically complete at the beginning of November, the arrival of the contingents from the English counties was delayed. By November 14, only the soldiers from Yorkshire and the Forest of Dean had arrived in Newcastle. However, the troops from Cumberland and Westmorland had probably moved to Carlisle, where they formed another army together with the troops of Anthony Lucy, Robert Clifford and Ranulph Dacre. The bids that finally arrived in Newcastle were numerically far from the king's expectations. From Yorkshire the king had expected 1,050 light riders and 5,310 archers and foot soldiers. In fact, only 57 men-at-arms, 232 light riders and mounted archers, 952 foot soldiers and a 100-strong squad from the City of York appeared. From Wales, Rhys ap Griffith led over 450 foot soldiers to Newcastle, plus three further contingents from Wales with over 550 foot soldiers. Overall, the King was able to leave Newcastle on November 14, 1334 with an army of about 4,000 men, including about 1,200 knights and men-at-arms, 1,200 foot soldiers and 1,500 mounted archers and light riders. The late season was probably the main reason for the low response to the drafts in the counties, because a winter campaign meant additional hardship and privation for the soldiers. To make matters worse, the winter from 1334 to 1335 is said to have been unusually hard. Apparently deserters soon began in the English army, as the king complained. The campaign was supported by three English warships and several privateers who hunted Scottish merchant ships. In order to enlarge this weak fleet, Eduard III. On November 22, 1334, requisition nine ships with 363 sailors in the north-east English ports. However, six of these ships soon deserted again, and only three of the ships remained in the service of the Crown until January 4, 1335.

Reconstruction of Roxburgh Castle

Around November 22, 1334 the king and his army reached Roxburgh. There he had the castle , which had been razed by the Scots , fortified again, for which 200 bricklayers, carpenters and other workers had accompanied the army. Apart from the reconstruction of the castle, which was fortified again by February 1335, the campaign apparently achieved little. It is possible that the king spent the period from late November 1334 to February 1335 in Roxburgh, from where he urged the English counties to send him more troops. By mid-December, the army's strength had risen to around 5,000 soldiers. Nevertheless, the King of Roxburgh apparently made no further advances into Scottish territory. This resulted in Henry de Beaumont, who was besieged at Dundarg Castle in northern Scotland, surrendering on December 23 with no hope of relief. He was allowed to move to England to get the ransom demanded for him.

Further course of the campaign

While the English army remained in southern Scotland, the soldiers led to extensive looting, destruction and acts of violence. The English apparently made no distinction between Scots, whose barons were loyal to Edward Balliol, and Scots, whose barons rebelled against Balliol. This devastation probably led to the Earl of March switching sides before February 1, 1335. Edward Balliol himself pressed in vain for a further advance of the English army, but Edward III. sent only part of his troops to Carlisle to secure the western Scottish Marches against Scottish attacks. The English ships also apparently failed to achieve anything, whereupon the king ordered the requisition of further ships and on January 2, 1335 appointed Roger Hegham Admiral of the West Coast and John Norwich Admiral of the North. The king planned to block several Scottish ports from March 1335, but on February 2, 1335 the king left Roxburgh and retired to England. From February 12, 1335 the contingents of the English army were released. With the defense of the eastern Scottish Marches, the king entrusted his brother John of Eltham, who was supported by the northern English barons Henry Percy and Ralph Neville. However, there were only about 200 men-at-arms, 24 mounted archers and 24 Welsh foot soldiers available. Percy and Neville resigned from office on March 17 and March 19, respectively. In Roxburgh, the King left William Felton as commanding officer of the garrison made up of around 60 men-at-arms and 80 light riders. More than 40 masons and workers continued the expansion of the castle until January 24, 1336.

Consequences of the campaign and negotiations in York

Despite great effort, the winter campaign to Roxburgh had little effect. The looting and destruction of the English soldiers had strengthened the Scots in their will to resist, and the French King Philip VI was. willing to do more for Scotland despite the diplomatic efforts of the English king. At the beginning of January 1335, Bishop Jean Hautfune von Avranches and Pierre de Tierlieu reached England as ambassadors for the French king. By February 22, they reached negotiations that Eduard III. recognized the right of the French king to intervene in war with Scotland. The French were even given the right to send their own embassy to Scotland. A Scottish delegation of up to 30 people was allowed to meet with the French delegation in York. By March 22, Thomas Charteris and other Scottish ambassadors had arrived in York. The English king refused to negotiate directly with the Scots, but he had to make concessions through the French envoys. On April 4, the French announced that the Scots would keep an armistice until midsummer 1335. Thereupon Eduard III resigned. to adhere to a truce. Peace efforts were strengthened before May 26th with the arrival of two papal envoys, Jean de Flote and Thomas of Bologna , who urged the English king to make a peace. A parliament was to meet in York on May 26th, and four Scottish ambassadors were to be able to present their position. Probably the Abbot of Newbattle Abbey and the Prior of Holyrood attended Parliament as Scottish ambassadors.

The English King Edward III. invades Scotland with his army. Illumination from the 14th century.

The English campaign of 1335

Preparations for a new English campaign

The English king had not unselfishly agreed to the armistice in April 1335, as he could hardly muster any troops to defend northern England against Scottish attacks. He secretly used the time to prepare a campaign for the summer of 1335. English ships tried to disrupt shipping to Scotland despite the armistice. At the beginning of April, the King had appointed John Howard Admiral of the East English Coast. On the other hand, after the announcement of the armistice, the Scottish privateer John de Sancta Agatha boarded the English merchant ship Litle Lechevard off the Seine estuary . The crew were killed, but following complaints from English merchants, French officials confiscated the cargo when it was about to be sold in the Pays de Caux and Rouen.

Strength of the English army

The English king finally called his army to Newcastle on June 23rd. In contrast to the last campaign in winter from 1334 to 1335, the king was able to muster a large army for his summer campaign without any problems. During the new campaign, the royal household was almost 1,000 strong, of which 44 were knights, five standard bearers, 372 squires or men-at-arms, 253 mounted archers and 60 archers on foot. There were also grooms, messengers and other assistants. Eight earls, numerous other magnates and the Count von Jülich took part in the campaign with their entourage. In addition, there were the British counties and troops from Wales. The English army was estimated to be between 13,000 and 15,000 men strong.

Scottish Defense Measures

The Scots could not offer a unified resistance to this superior English army. Much of the country was anarchy. In anticipation of another English campaign, the Scottish barons met in Dairsie in April 1335 for an assembly that could be considered parliament. The Guardian, the Earl of Moray, Robert the Stewart and several nobles took part, although they were split into two camps: on the one hand the Earl of March, Andrew Murray, Alexander Mowbray and William Douglas , on the other hand David of Strathbogie. Strathbogie had a grudge against Murray, who had forced him to submit and move to the Scottish side last fall. During the meeting there was an argument between Strathbogie and the other camp. Strathbogie managed to pull the young Stewart to his side, while he alienated the other barons with his arrogant behavior. Since the Scots were aware that they had nothing to oppose the English army in open battle, they decided to leave the advancing English only scorched earth . The residents of the Lowlands told them to flee with their cattle and belongings.

English advance to Glasgow

In June, Edward III met with Edward Balliol and his magnates in Newcastle. During a council of war they decided to divide the English army into two armies that would invade Scotland separately. Balliol was supposed to advance to Scotland via Berwick along with the Earls of Warenne, Arundel, Oxford, Angus and Henry Percy, Ralph Neville, Thomas Berkeley and William Latimer . The king himself wanted to move to Scotland via Carlisle , together with the Earls of Cornwall, Warwick, Hereford , the Count of Jülich and Henry of Grosmont. Presumably it was planned from the beginning that the two armies should meet at Glasgow . While Balliol advanced along the Scottish east coast without encountering resistance, Edward III moved. through south west Scotland. At the crossing over the Annan the king unfurled his standard and knighted numerous young nobles. The King's army then occupied Carrick, Cunninghame, and Kyle. Both English armies plundered the villages in the region, burned down the houses and wreaked havoc, even though churches and monasteries like Newbattle Abbey were not spared. Numerous Scots fled to English-occupied Berwick. Before July 23, 1335, the army led by Balliol reached Cumbernauld Castle , whose garrison resisted. The castle was owned by David Strathbogie and was defended by Sir David Mareschal and allegedly 200 men. However, the besiegers were able to set fire to the main tower of the castle, whereupon Mareschal surrendered. He was captured with his wife, the wife of Sir Philip Mowbray and the widow of Archibald Douglas. Balliol had the rest of the crew executed, with the exception of one other commander. Then the army marched on towards Glasgow. There he met the army of Edward III.

Further advance to Perth

In view of the weak Scottish resistance, Edward III decided. and Balliol to advance to Perth. They decided not to cross the Forth at Stirling, but further downstream at Airth . As far as this place, English ships could go up the river, which the army crossed to the north bank of the river. Other English ships supplied the English army with food from Berwick. An English ship looted the abbey on Inchcolm Island in the Firth of Forth, and another English ship ran aground on the rocks called The Wolves . More ships pushed further north and sacked Dundee. But the king expected even stronger support from his fleet. John Cobham , the Admiral of the Western Fleet, received a severe warning on August 16 and was replaced by Peter Barde less than two weeks later . However, the king also feared that French ships could attack the almost undefended southern England. He entrusted numerous barons who had remained in England with the coastal defense before a French attack became unlikely in mid-October due to the approaching winter.

Scottish Resistance and Skirmish at Boroughmuir

Although the English armies had occupied large parts of southern Scotland, the areas were not pacified. While David Strathbogie led the Scottish resistance in the Highlands, the Earl of Moray organized a guerrilla war against the English in the Lowlands. Scottish scouts crossed the English border and attacked supplies of the English armies. The Dutch Count Guido II of Namur , a relative of the English Queen, wanted to join the English troops with a contingent. He followed the English army towards Stirling, but in July 1335 he was routed in a battle near Boroughmuir by Scottish troops under March, Moray and others. He fled to the ruins of Edinburgh Castle, where he had to surrender the next day. In exchange for an assurance that he would pay a ransom, he was released and eventually returned to the Netherlands. However, the Earl of Moray, who had escorted the Count of Namur to the English border, was ambushed on the way back and was taken prisoner. He was only released from English captivity in 1340.

Abandonment of several Scottish magnates

After Edward III. Having reached Perth, he stayed in the city for several weeks while the English soldiers raided the area. The Scots did not dare to challenge the superior English army to open battle. The English king apparently hoped that, given his military superiority, the Scots would realize that further resistance was pointless. In fact, on August 7th, the Earl of Fife surrendered Cupar Castle unopposed. John of Islay , the head of Clan Donald , negotiated with the English about his submission. On August 7th, two Dominicans came to Perth as messengers from David Strathbogie. The king offered Strathbogie a pardon in case he switched sides again. Strathbogie then sent Alexander and Geoffrey Mowbray, Godfrey Ross , Eustace Lorraine and William Bullock to Perth to negotiate the terms of his move on his behalf. On August 18, 1335, the king pardoned Strathbogie and his followers, who then switched back to the side of the English king. Edward III. was now convinced that the remaining Scottish magnates would submit. When French ambassadors arrived in Perth and spoke out on behalf of the Scots, the English king rejected their offer of mediation on August 22nd. In his view, he had already achieved peace himself.

English advance in western Scotland and retreat

From August 23, an Irish army commanded by Irish justiciar John Darcy , the Earl of Desmond , the Earl of Ormonde and Walter Bermingham , in support of Edward III. to Scotland over. The approximately 1500 strong army occupied the Isle of Bute and probably besieged Rothesay Castle. Presumably the Irish army could not capture the castle. The first Irish units left for Ireland on September 15th. Darcy and Walter Bermingham finally left Bute with their troops on October 15 and also returned to Ireland. Edward Balliol set out west from Perth, probably trying to establish contact with Irish forces. His army, which is said to have been about 800 strong, included the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Angus, Henry de Beaumont, Henry of Grosmont, Ralph Neville, Robert Ufford , William Clinton, John Norwich and William Latimer. In October 1335 Balliol returned from his advance to Perth.

As early as the end of August, the British counties began to march back from Perth. Many magnates also left again, as their quarterly service, which they owed the king under feudal law, was running out. Probably at the beginning of September the king also left Perth and retreated south. On September 7th he was near Edinburgh. Given the capture of the Count of Namur, he decided to have Edinburgh Castle rebuilt. He fined the surrounding regions and appointed Thomas Roscelyn as the commandant of Edinburgh, who was to oversee the reconstruction of the castle with a garrison of about 100 men. In Edinburgh, Robert Stewart and a number of followers such as Adam Prendergast submitted to the king. On September 30th the king reached Berwick again. After the submission of Stewart, Edward III. now completely certain that the remaining rebels would surrender quickly.

Reconstruction of the English administration

In Berwick, Edward III dismissed. his remaining army and handed over the management of the Forests of Selkirk and Ettrick and Peebles to William Montagu on October 10th. William Percy was already lord of Jedburgh and Edward de Bohun lord of Lochmaben. The lords of these three magnates thus formed new Scottish Marches, while the crown kept control of Berwick, Roxburgh and Edinburgh. From their centers in the castles of Roxburgh, Caerlaverock , Berwick and Edinburgh, the English sheriffs began administering the reclaimed territories in southern Scotland. These were Eustace Maxwell as Sheriff of Dumfries, William Felton as Sheriff of Roxburgh, Robert Tugdale as Sheriff of Berwick and John Stirling as Sheriff of Edinburgh. The English were initially confident that they could retain control of the region, but most of the income they received from their Scottish territories came from confiscations. Large areas of southern Scotland lay fallow and deserted. Much of southern Scotland was devastated and deserted, with the region still unsettled.

Continuation of the Scottish Resistance

Although Scotland was now apparently largely subjugated, the resistance of the followers of David II had not yet completely died. At the end of September 1335 Andrew Murray was reappointed the Guardian of Scotland in Dumbarton, he was supported by the Earl of March and the Earl of Ross , William Douglas, Maurice Moray and William Keith. However, these remaining rebels were partly at odds with one another, which is why their resistance was not organized. In the northern part of Scotland ruled by Balliol, the latter agreed to an armistice limited to the end of September in Perth, under pressure from the French king and the Pope. This was gradually extended until Christmas due to negotiations with Murray. The new French ambassador was Bishop Hugues Aimery of Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux. Balliol appointed David Strathbogie to the Guardian of Scotland north of the Forth in October 1335 while he was planning to retire to Holy Island off the Northumberland coast for the winter . Strathbogie now boasted that he would force the remaining rebels to submit to Balliol and the Scottish king. He ruthlessly began to occupy northern Scotland, besides besieging Kildrummy Castle , which was defended by Christian Bruce , the wife of Andrew Murray with the help of a strong garrison.

The Battle of Culblean

→ Main article : Battle of Culblean

When Andrew Murray learned during his negotiations with the English ambassador William Montagu that his wife was being besieged by Strathbogie in northern Scotland, he accused him of breaking the armistice. However, this was controversial, because according to the English view, the armistice only applied to southern Scotland, which was annexed to England. Finally, in November 1335, Montagu allowed Murray to suspend negotiations in order to lead a campaign to relieve Kildrummy Castle. Apparently Montagu didn't think he was taking any chances. On the contrary, he probably hoped Murray would muster the rebel forces for relief. This last Scottish army would then be defeated by Strathbogie in open field battle, with which the Scottish resistance would then finally be crushed. Indeed, the Earl of March, William Douglas and other Scottish barons came to Murray's aid. After learning of Murray's approach, Strathbogie lifted the siege and awaited the Scots in a strategic position in the Culblean forest north of the Dee . But his army was defeated, and he himself fell in battle. If the Scots had lost the battle, however, then the Scottish struggle for independence would probably have collapsed, since Murray had apparently been ready to submit to the English king. However, the Scottish victory became a turning point in the War of Independence. As a result, the war was no longer just a war between rival magnates, but became the Scots' war of independence against English supremacy.

Memorial stone to the Battle of Culblean

The fighting in Scotland subsided and the Hundred Years War with France began

New fighting in Scotland and English campaign of 1336

The defeat of Culblean ruined the successes of the English campaign in northern Scotland. Andrew Murray and his followers were able to advance as far as Fife and burn Perth down. In Dunfermline he held a council meeting that confirmed him as Guardian. Still, the Scots did not yet believe in a complete victory. A ceasefire was agreed again during the winter, during which further negotiations were to take place. Apparently most of the Scottish magnates were ready to accept Balliol as king. However, David II should be determined to inherit the childless Balliol. However, David II, encouraged by the French king, rejected this proposal in March 1336. Edward III. nevertheless extended the armistice to May 1336 and received envoys from David II during his parliament in Westminster. But then he was forced to make new campaigns in Scotland because the peace talks had failed. In May Balliol advanced as far as Perth, and on July 12, 1336, the English king himself began a bold, knightly foray into northern Scotland with a small force to save Katherine Beaumont , the widow of Strathbogie. This held Lochindorb Castle, which was besieged by Andrew Murray. On July 15th, the king violently kicked his men to surprise and capture Murray. Murray narrowly escaped the superior English troops. Edward III. could at least save Strathbogie's widow and destroy Lochindorb Castle. On the way back he burned Forres and Kinloss and ransacked the area. Then he moved southeast to Elgin , where the city was destroyed except for the cathedral. This was in revenge for a defeat at Aberdeen, where Thomas Roscelyn had been killed. Then Edward III moved. on to Aberdeen, which was completely destroyed. Despite these successes, the campaign was a failure because Edward III. had to realize that Murray repeated the tactics of Robert I. and avoided open field battles. The English had to try to subdue Scotland through a network of castles and garrisons, as they had already successfully achieved in the Scottish Borders by rebuilding Jedburgh , Lochmaben, Roxburgh and Caerlaverock Castle. In the summer of 1336 Dunnottar , Lauriston and Kinneff Castle were rebuilt , while new fortifications were built in St Andrews and Leuchars . Perth was also fortified with walls and towers. When Edward III. withdrew to the south and reached Stirling, he gave the order to build a new peel there, as well, at Bothwell . He made only a brief visit to England to hold a parliament. Then he returned to Bothwell, where he stayed until Christmas 1336. From there he had the reconstruction of the castles and fortifications supervised.

Conquest of English castles by the Scots in the winter of 1336-1337

From October 1336, the Scots under Murray attacked the English-occupied castles, successfully using a siege engine called Boustour . The isolated crews of the castles were powerless against the resolute attacks, so that Dunnottar, Kinneff, Lauriston and Kinclaven were captured by the Scots. Every castle captured was destroyed. Edward III. could not counter the Scottish attacks. In December 1336 he left Bothwell and retired to Newcastle. Murray let the attacks continue in the winter of 1336-1337. An attack on Perth failed, but Murray's army continued to grow. In February 1337 Murray operated together with the Earls of Fife and March and with William Douglas in Fife. Only Cupar Castle, defended by William Bullock, Edward Balliol's Chamberlain, withstood the attacks. St Andrews Castle was captured after three weeks of siege, and Leuchars and Falkland Castles were also captured. In March 1337, Murray began the siege of Bothwell. With the help of Boustour this castle could also be conquered. In the summer of 1337 Murray successfully continued his tactics by avoiding open battle, concentrating attacks on small English castles and garrisons, and avoiding prolonged sieges. However, both Murray and the English had large areas in Lothian plundered and devastated. In the following winter from 1337 to 1338, the region suffered from a famine that claimed numerous victims among the population.

The English focus shifts to the conflict with France

From 1337 Edward III turned. the conflict with France . Through the war with Scotland he could hardly gain any military fame and also no more rich booty. This was offset by substantial costs, with the 1336 campaign alone costing over £ 16,000. In March 1337 the King appointed the Earl of Warwick to command the English troops in Scotland, who in the summer of 1337 never had more than about 3,500 soldiers under his command. That number was even much lower from mid-June to mid-August as the counties were dismissed. Andrew Murray took advantage of this weakness of the English troops and began a raid on Cumberland on August 7th. In late September he sacked Northumberland. When Warwick only had about 300 men-at-arms in mid-October 1337, the Scots included Carlisle. They burned down a nearby estate owned by Bishop John Kirkby of Carlisle, who had accompanied Warwick on his campaigns that summer. However, much of Scotland remained occupied by British troops. In October and November 1337 an attempt by Murray to take Edinburgh Castle failed. William Douglas excelled in a battle at Crichton , but the battle ended in a draw. The unsuccessful Warwick was replaced by the Earl of Arundel and Montagu, who had been raised to Earl of Salisbury, who jointly took command of the English troops. While Warwick's campaigns appeared to have been haphazard, Arundel and Salisbury had a clear aim. With their troops small in number, they began the siege of Dunbar Castle on January 13, 1338 . The castle was built in 1333 with financial support from Edward III. newly built, but now back in Scottish hands. A conquest of the castle, which threatened English rule in southern Scotland, would have been a visible success for the English. Siege engines from Berwick and the Tower of London were brought in for the siege. The siege troops were supported by miners and siege engineers such as John Crab . Two galleys manned with crossbowmen and hired from Genoa were supposed to block the castle from the seaside. The Earl of March, Lord of Dunbar, was not in the castle, instead his wife Agnes Randolph led the defense. When Edward III. learned of the determined defense of the Earl of March's wife, he made a brief visit to Dunbar, and in Whitekirk was briefed by Montagu and other magnates himself on the course of the siege. He then returned to England and started his campaign against France on July 16, 1338. Despite the lavish siege on which the English had spent nearly £ 6,000, the English were unable to capture Dunbar Castle. Finally, a truce with the Scots that lasted until Michaelmas 1339 was agreed.

Together with Eduard III. Many English magnates also left England, as did Henry de Beaumont who were disinherited. This significantly decreased the military pressure on the Scots. However, Murray fell ill during the siege of Edinburgh in late November 1337. He retired to his estates in northern Scotland, where he died in the spring of 1338. The young Robert Stewart was elected as the new Guardian, under whose leadership the attacks on the British occupation forces subsided. The experienced military man William Douglas, who was probably not elected Guardian because of his limited land holdings, then traveled to Normandy to see David II. In fact, on October 5, 1338, French ships attacked Southampton , and in 1339 other ports in southern England were attacked. Allegedly David II is said to have financed these raids. The financial support of the Scottish king is considered secure when five French galleys blocked the mouth of the Tay and thus the access to Perth, which was still held by an English garrison. Through bribery, Douglas also managed to get William Bullock, the commandant of Cupar Castle, to switch sides and hand the castle over to the Scots. He joined the besiegers of Perth, which was besieged since the spring of 1339 under the leadership of the Earl of March and Robert Stewart. The occupation of Perth surrendered on August 17, 1339, a few days before a relief army set up by Edward Balliol reached the city. The Scottish siege of Stirling Castle, however, was unsuccessful. The Scots suffered another setback when Eduard III. in the Netherlands allied with the citizens of the trading towns led by Jacob van Artevelde . They initially rebelled successfully against their Count Ludwig von Flanders, whereupon Flanders switched to the English side. With that, Scotland lost not only an ally at sea, but also an important trading partner. But the English also suffered setbacks in France. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Suffolk were captured by the French in a battle near Lille . The French king had them exchanged for the Scottish Earl of Moray, who had been in English captivity since 1335, and who returned to Scotland before autumn 1340.

Return of David II to Scotland

The Earl of Moray soon became the leader of Scottish attacks on Annandale, which was still owned by Edward de Bohun, a brother of the Earl of Hereford. On April 16, 1341, William Douglas and William Bullock conquered Edinburgh Castle by ruse. After that, the Scots concentrated on the remaining English castles in the border region with England. Moray served as Warden of the West Marches, William Douglas as Warden of the Middle Marches and the experienced military Alexander Ramsay as Warden of the East Marches. Now that Scotland was largely liberated, the Scottish magnates asked their young king to return to Scotland from France. David II and his wife Johanna then secretly set out for Scotland and landed in Inverbervie on June 2, 1341 to great cheers . The king now took over the rule himself, which ended the steward's tenure as Guardian. The king rewarded several of his supporters upon his return: Malcolm Fleming , who had served as his adviser and teacher in France, was named Earl of Wigtown. William Douglas was named Earl of Atholl on July 18, 1341, and his ally William Bullock was named Chamberlain. Then the young king wanted to prove that he could successfully continue the war. In July 1341 he accepted the surrender of the crew of Stirling Castle, which had been besieged since 1339.

Edward III, who returned to England from his campaign in Flanders. spent Christmas 1341 at Melrose Abbey . From there he led a destructive foray into the Forest of Ettrick before returning to England. The command of the Scottish Marches was now given to Henry of Grosmont. This released a large part of his troops on February 2, 1342, whereupon David II led a raid to Northumberland up to the Tyne . Then Alexander Ramsay was able to capture Roxburgh Castle by surprise attack on the morning of March 30, 1342. The increased Scottish self-confidence was shown in the fact that David II. Roxburgh and other conquered castles no longer destroyed. The Scottish successes were endangered by a feud between William Douglas and Alexander Ramsay. Douglas had given his Earldom Atholl to the Stewart and received the South Scottish Barony of Liddesdale from him. He disinherited his godson William , son of Archibald Douglas. Alexander Ramsay had been named Sheriff of Teviotdale . Douglas also made claims to this office. On June 20, 1342, he attacked Ramsay while he was holding court in Hawick Church and took him to Hermitage Castle . There he had him murdered. David II had to approve of this attack, but retaliated by deposition, imprisonment and starvation for Bullock, Chamberlain allied with Douglas. In Scotland there were further feuds between Douglas and his opponents, which David II was only able to end during a parliament in Scone in 1344. But he could only superficially restore peace among his magnates. A fragile armistice had meanwhile been concluded with England.

Continuation of the war and imprisonment of David II.

Resumption of fighting from 1345

After peace negotiations between England and France failed in autumn 1344, new fighting broke out in the Scottish Marches in spring 1345. An English fleet set out from Cumberland, captured the Peel of Hestan in a surprise attack, and captured Sir Dougal MacDowell , who had previously switched sides. MacDowell was taken to the Tower of London. In July 1346 a Scottish force invaded Cumberland and Westmorland. The Earl of Moray held the leadership, but David II also took part in the raid without leading the command.

The Battle of Neville's Cross. Depiction in a book illumination from the 15th century.

Capture of David II at Neville's Cross

→ Main article : Battle of Neville's Cross

The English king had already turned back to war with France and on July 12th had set out with his army for Normandy. On August 26, 1346, the English army defeated the French army in the battle of Crécy . The English then besieged Calais . David II now decided to support the troubled French ally by launching a relief attack on England. Since the English king was in France with a large army, he hoped to meet little resistance. He certainly also hoped to consolidate his position as the Scottish king through a victorious incursion into England. On October 6, 1346, David II mustered the army he raised in Perth. With the exception of Malise, Earl of Caithness and Jarl of Orkney and John of Islay, Lord of the Isles, all Scottish magnates took part in the campaign. In Perth, however, the murder of Ranald MacRuaridh , the leader of the Hebridean contingent , took place on the instigation of William, 5th Earl of Ross , because of an older dispute . Then Ross left the royal army and moved back to northern Scotland. Despite this incident, David II led his army south. After three days of siege, the Scots captured the little Peel of Liddell . Then they extorted ransom from the residents of Cumberland and Westmorland and moved on to Durham . In front of the city, a division under William Douglas met an English army on October 17, 1346, which had been mobilized by Archbishop William Zouche of York. Shortly afterwards the battle of Neville's Cross broke out between the Scottish and English armies. In this battle the Scots suffered a heavy defeat. The Earl of Moray, the Earl of Strathearn, and numerous other barons and nobles fell. David II was captured together with the Earls of Fife, Menteith , Sutherland and Wigtown and with William Douglas. The Earl of Menteith was founded by Edward III. Sentenced to death as a traitor and executed. Edward III used the clear victory. but not completely, since he and his army were bound by the siege of Calais. The English king did not regard the Scottish king as a traitor and a rebel against his own claim to rule or that of Balliol. Instead, David II was taken into honorable custody.

English forays into Scotland

Edward Balliol tried to take advantage of his opponent's capture. He made a push into Galloway, which he was largely able to bring under his control. Henry Percy and John Neville also made forays into southern Scotland and were able to occupy Teviotdale, Annandale and other areas. With their support, Balliol led a destructive foray into Lothian and renewed his claim to the throne. However, the majority of the Scottish magnates who were not killed or captured at Neville's Cross remained loyal to David II. In the absence of further support from the English king, Balliol's advance was ultimately unsuccessful. Only on May 13, 1347 did Eduard III. from Carlisle an army to Scotland to subdue it again. His army was only 3360 strong. In Falkirk , the English commanders discussed whether they should advance to Perth. But since the Scots offered negotiations, the English king agreed to an armistice limited to September 8, 1347 in return for a payment of £ 9,000. After the armistice was concluded, the English withdrew, leaving Balliol to secure Berwick, Roxburgh, Peebles and Dumfries.

Ongoing negotiations and resignation from the throne by Edward Balliol

There was no major fighting in the next few months because the Black Death reached England and Scotland. Apparently, the Scots had initially hoped that the plague would spare Scotland. A Scottish army was gathering in the Forest of Ettrick to attack England when the plague suddenly broke out among the soldiers. Robert Stewart had meanwhile been reappointed the Guardian of Scotland, but his leadership was apparently only partially recognized. The Scots had sent several embassies to England to negotiate the release of their king. The English king demanded not only a large ransom, but also important political concessions. Above all, he demanded that in the event of a childless death of the hitherto childless David II, the Scottish crown should fall to the English king. This demand meant that the negotiations remained fruitless for a long time. The armistice concluded after the defeat of Neville's Cross was largely observed, so that there were no new major battles between England and Scotland. In 1353 agreements were even made between Scottish nobles and the English king, who placed Scottish merchants under his protection. Without English support, Edward Balliol could not assert himself in Scotland. Presumably in 1354 the Scots captured Buittle Castle , where Balliol was born. With that he had lost his last base in Galloway. He moved to Roxburgh, where he was before Edward III. took his crown off his head and gave it to the English king along with a handful of earth. On January 20 or 21, 1356, Balliol officially sealed a document in which he claimed his claim to the throne to Eduard III. resigned. In return he received a pension until he died childless in 1364.

New battles from 1355

In view of the unsuccessful negotiations with England, the Scots hoped for an English defeat in France. In fact, on March 5, 1355 , the French King John the Good sent the French nobleman Sire de Garencieres to Scotland with a small force of fifty men-at-arms . The French allegedly brought 10,000 marks with them to Scotland, which were to be distributed to Scottish magnates and prelates. In return, the French king expected the Scots to break the armistice they had signed with England. In fact, Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus and Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar , together with Garencieres, conquered Berwick in a surprise attack in early November 1355 and then besieged Berwick Castle . Edward III. then set out with an army to relieve the castle. Since the two Scottish magnates received no support from other Scottish magnates and Garencieres returned to France, they vacated Berwick again. Before January 20, 1356, the English were again in possession of the city. Then Edward III moved. with his army on to Haddington , where his troops set the Franciscan church on fire. Other English troops sacked Whitekirk. Since these raids around the holiday Candlemas took place, they are also called Burnt Candelmas referred. An English fleet accompanying the army was prevented from continuing its journey by the north wind and lost some ships due to stranding. Then saw Edward III. abandoned another advance north and withdrew to England. In retaliation for the extensive devastation the English had committed, the Scots undertook raids into the north of England.

End of the Second Scottish War of Independence

New negotiations and conclusion of the Berwick contract

→ Main article : Treaty of Berwick (1357)

When there was now the danger of another destructive border war between England and Scotland, the English heir to the throne defeated the French king in October 1356 at the Battle of Poitiers and took him prisoner. With that the hopes of the Scots, with the support of France, to achieve the release of their king vanished. In January 1357 a new Scottish negotiating delegation was appointed. Eduard III waived the payment of a ransom of 100,000 marks. on further political concessions for the release of David II. On October 3rd the Treaty of Berwick was sealed, after which the Scottish King was released. A ceasefire had been agreed upon until the ransom, which was to be paid in ten annual installments, had been paid in full.

consequences

The Berwick Treaty was just another armistice, but in fact it ended the Second Scottish War of Independence. After the conclusion of the treaty, there was an almost peaceful relationship between England and Scotland, which made pilgrimages, study visits and, above all, possible trade again that had no longer been possible in the years of war since 1296. Shortly after the Berwick Treaty, preliminary negotiations for a full peace settlement began. Queen Johanna went to see her brother Edward III, and in February 1359 David II himself traveled to London again on a visit. However, since the peace negotiations made no progress, David II sent Robert Erskine and Norman Leslie to negotiate in France in 1359 . They assured the Dauphin , who led the government for the king who was still in captivity, that Scotland would continue to stand by its alliance with France. Should France pay the ransom for David II, Scotland would again wage war against England. The French negotiators only answered this offer half-heartedly. They offered the Scots, at 50,000 marks, only half of the ransom that was to be handed over to Scottish agents on April 5, 1360 in Bruges . An English campaign in France from October 1359 then meant that France had to use all means for its own warfare. The Treaty of Brétigny , concluded on May 7, 1360 between France and England, made the Scottish offer to resume war finally obsolete. After further negotiations up to 1365, the Scots paid annual installments for the ransom of David II from 1366 onwards. In further negotiations, a fourteen-year armistice was agreed in 1369, which was to apply until February 1384. After the death of David II in 1371, his successor Robert II continued the payments until they were suspended after the death of the English king in 1377. After the end of the payments, the English government did not take immediate action against Scotland, but in 1378 a new guerrilla war began on the Anglo-Scottish border. In 1384 the Duke of Lancaster led an English army as far as Edinburgh. The campaign was largely unsuccessful, but relations between the two empires remained hostile. The Anglo-Scottish Wars continued intermittently into the 16th century.

literature

• Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 248.
• Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965.
• Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The Later Middle Ages (The Edinburgh History of Scotland, Vol. II. ) Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, ISBN 0-05-002038-2 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 232.
2. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 58.
3. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 61.
4. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 68.
5. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 69.
6. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 71.
7. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 73.
8. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 75.
9. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 76.
10. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, pp. 80-81.
11. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 79.
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13. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Edward III and the Scots. The formative Years of a Military Career . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1965, p. 83.
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85. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 238.
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101. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 239.
102. ^ ^{A b} Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 133.
103. ^ ^{A b} Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 135.
104. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 241.
105. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 136.
106. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 137.
107. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 241.
108. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 138.
109. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 244.
110. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 143.
111. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 144.
112. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 246.
113. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 145.
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115. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 251.
116. ↑ Michael Brown: The wars of Scotland, 1214-1371 . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2004, ISBN 0-7486-1237-8 , p. 248.
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121. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, pp. 160-161.
122. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, pp. 161-162.
123. ^ ^{A b} Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 167.
124. ^ Ranald Nicholson: Scotland. The later Middle Ages . Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1974, p. 195.