Villancico

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Villancico is the Spanish name for a specific type of song.

In everyday parlance, the term describes a Christmas carol . Originally, in the 13th century , they were generally songs that were sung at certain festivals. Only later did the meaning of the word narrow down to the Christmas carol.

The pre-form of the Villancicos were medieval secular dance songs that were sung by the common people (the villanos ). When the church began to influence folk customs, it also adapted such songs. Later new spiritual Villancicos were created. The most important collection appeared in 1582 under the title " Piae cantiones " in Latin. Many of the chants it contained were translated and gained popularity along the way.

Major composers from Villancicos were Juan del Encina , Pedro de Escobar , Francisco Guerrero and Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla , who later emigrated to Mexico.

The Cancioneiro de Elvas in the municipal library of Elvas : music manuscript from the 16th century with 65 polyphonic cantigas and villancicos in Spanish and Portuguese.

During the Renaissance, Villancicos were mostly composed for three or four voices, or, especially in the 16th century, for popular secular or spiritual chant for the vihuela .

Latin America

In the 17th and 18th centuries, partly bilingual popular villancicos emerged in the Spanish colonies, which were both an expression of piety and an instrument of proselytizing as well as a means of social criticism. So in themed Sucre in today's Bolivia acting Roque Jacinto de Chavarría (1688-1719) conflicts between missionaries and Indians and put the hypocrisy of the conquerors in the form of disputation in Spanish and Kichwa open. Andrés Flores also worked in Sucre from 1680–1712 . In Mexico , Gaspar Fernandes Villancicos, born in Portugal , composed and wrote in Spanish and Nahuatl with pseudo-African elements and complained about the inequality of treatment of ethnic groups. For the first time, the treatment of black slaves was criticized.

In Cuba, Esteban Salas y Castro left about 60 Villancicos. The genus Villancicos also existed in Peru, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Brazil.

See also

literature

  • Emilio Breda: Los Villancicos del Angel Gabriel. Plus Ultra, Buenos Aires 1986.
  • Emilio Breda: Los Villancicos de Fray Grillo. Plus Ultra, Buenos Aires 1986.
  • Samuel G. Armistead: Kharjas and Villancicos. In: Journal of Arabic Literature. Vol. 34 (2003), special issue 1–2: The Arabic Literature of Al-Andalus. Pp. 3-19.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Negro tiray vós : audio sample on youtube.com.
  2. ^ Alejo Carpentier: Music in Cuba. University of Minnesota Press, 2002, pp. 106 ff.