Violet-red small tensioner
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Violet-red little spider ( Scopula rubiginata ) |
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| Scopula rubiginata | ||||||||||||
| ( Hufnagel , 1767) |
The violet- red small spanner ( Scopula rubiginata ), also known as Burgundy Triftenflurspanner or Rostspanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the Spanner family (Geometridae).
features
The moths reach a wingspan of 16 to 22 mm, the second generation is slightly smaller on average. The apex of the forewings is rounded, the hind wings are not tailed. The basic color and the drawing of the wings are variable. The color ranges from light brown, brown, red-brown to wine-red and purple-red. Gray-brown tints are also rare. According to Bergmann, the basic color depends on the humidity. In wet years there are predominantly dark wine-red colors, in dry years the moths are paler to reddish yellow. The transverse lines are usually very clear, except for the wavy line. However, there are also less clearly drawn specimens in which the transverse lines have almost disappeared. The wavy line is, if at all mostly only weakly indicated, lighter than the basic color and toothed. It can also dissolve into a series of tooth-like stains. In contrast, the inner transverse line, central band and outer transverse line often stand out very clearly; they are always much darker than the basic color. They are weakly wavy, sometimes also slightly toothed. The intensity of the transverse lines can be different. If they are differently prominent, the central band and / or the outer transverse line are drawn more intensely than the inner transverse line. The central band is often somewhat wider than the inner and outer transverse lines, but is somewhat more diffuse and not so clearly delimited. The intensity of the transverse lines can also decrease somewhat towards the rear edge. On the other hand, they are often somewhat thickened at the front edge. The inner transverse line is usually completely absent on the hind wings. The fields between the cross lines can be colored slightly differently. Usually the area between the central band and the outer transverse line is a little paler. In some copies, however, the fringing area is a little darker. In some specimens, the forewings are slightly darker and / or a little more intense red than the hind wings. A seam line can be present, broken up into a series of elongated seam spots, or completely absent. The fringes are less red in color and therefore appear a little more brown than the basic color. Discal spots are rather rare and, if present, rather small and inconspicuous.
The egg is approximately cylindrical with flattened ends; the top is also a little thicker. It is light green at first and later turns light green shortly before the egg caterpillars hatch. The surface is covered with 16 distinct longitudinal ribs, which intersect with numerous, but clearly less developed transverse lines.
The caterpillar is relatively slim and becomes a bit thicker towards the rear end. The color is variable and ranges from yellowish, brownish, slightly reddish to gray. The ventral side is greenish. The back line is relatively thin, but darker than the base color. It is somewhat thickened in the middle of the middle segments. The relatively small, rounded and slightly reddish head has a longitudinal furrow on the top.
The doll has fine bristles on the cremaster .
Geographical distribution
The violet-red small spanner occurs in Europe from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Ural Mountains. In the north to Denmark, southern Sweden, southern Finland. In England only a small indigenous occurrence is known in the east of England. In the south, the species is absent in most of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula (with the exception of a small occurrence near Gibraltar), in Sicily, and the southern Greek islands. An isolated occurrence in the Atlas Mountains is known from Morocco. The species is also found in northern Turkey, the Caucasus region and the Crimea . To the east of the Ural Mountains , the occurrence extends over southern Siberia, the northern Central Asian mountains to eastern Mongolia. However, the species migrates over short and medium distances. This means that not every find automatically proves that you are down to earth.
habitat
North of the Alps, the species occurs only in dry and warm habitats, e.g. B. uncultivated grassland, fallow land, poor grasslands, sand corridors, sand and gravel pits, heathland landscapes, dry meadows and railway embankments, as well as limestone grasslands rich in bushes. North of the Alps, the species occurs mainly in the planar level, the frequency already decreases significantly in the hill level. Therefore, the species can usually only be found up to about 500 m above sea level. In the southern Alps and the Mediterranean region, the species rises up to around 1000 m, under particularly favorable conditions (very sunny and warm slopes), up to 1600 m. In Morocco, Turkey and the Caucasus region, the species from the plains is almost unknown. But it occurs there up to an altitude of about 2200 m.
Way of life
The species is usually bivoltine in the range north of the Alps . H. as a rule, two generations are formed each year. Under bad conditions, e.g. B. cold summers, only one generation is formed. In the Mediterranean the species is usually bi- or trivoltine. The moths fly from mid-June to early August (univoltin), mid-May to late June and mid-July to mid-September (bivoltin), or from late April to early October (trivoltin, somewhat overlapping generations). The moths are diurnal and nocturnal. They can be observed visiting flowers in the sunshine during the day. When the sky is overcast, they sit in the vegetation, but are easily scared off. At night they come to artificial light sources and also occasionally to bait. The moths were observed on the flowers of the following plants: figwort ( Scrophularia canina ), small rattlespot ( Rhinanthus minor ), yellow woof ( Reseda lutea ), rocket-leaf ragwort ( Senecio erucifolius ), broad-leaved thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) ) and carrot ( Daucus carota ).
The caterpillars prefer to eat herbaceous plants. Eggs or caterpillars have been found to: Austrian thyme ( Thymus glabrescens ), heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), field wormwood ( Artemisia campestris ), sheep sorrel ( Rumex acetosella ), Breckland Thyme ( Thymus serpyllum ), black medic ( Medicago lupulina ), Wicken ( Vicia ), horn clover ( lotus ), clover ( Trifolium ), broom broom ( Cytisus scoparius ), meadow rue ( Thalictrum ), bed herbs ( Galium ), common dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ) and bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis ). A few other plants were also adopted in breeding.
Systematics
The species was first described in 1767 by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel under the name Phalaena rubiginata . The type locality is Berlin . Due to the variability in basic color and drawing, it was described under another five names: Geometra rubricata Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775, Geometra vittata Thunberg, 1784, Phalaena domialla Fourcroy, 1785, Phalaena Geometra variata Villers, 1789 and Idaea subangularia Herrich-Schäffer, 1839. They are all younger synonyms of Scopula rubiginata Hufnagel, 1767. Within the very large genus Scopula , it is the eponymous species of the rubiginata species group.
Danger
The species is not endangered anywhere in Germany. However, the situation is not the same in every federal state. It is potentially endangered in Bavaria , but has always been rare there. In Saxony and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania it is classified as endangered (category 3), in Lower Saxony even in category 2 (severely endangered). It is already extinct in Hamburg.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Bergmann, pp. 85–87
- ↑ Hausmann, pp. 292-294
- ↑ Red lists at science4you
literature
- Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
- Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 8, Nachtfalter VI (Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3497-7
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 87-88757-37-4
