Broad-leaved thyme
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Broad-leaved thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), ♀ individual |
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The Broad thyme ( Thymus pulegioides ), also Common Thyme , Common thyme , thyme and thyme , drug-thyme or field thyme called, is a plant from the genus of thyme ( Thymus ) within the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae).
description
The common thyme is a perennial subshrub that reaches heights of between 5 and 25 centimeters. The stem is only slightly woody at the base and sharp, square with a rectangular cross-section. It is sunk on two sides and therefore appears furrowed. Only the four edges are hairy. The shoot system is sympodially branched with a short creeping shoot axis . The leaves are thin and usually the same size, hairy or hairless. The leaf veins are usually not clearly visible underneath. Leaves have an aromatic smell and often turn dark red in color.
The flowering period extends from June to September. The inflorescence is elongated or heady. The flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The upper calyx teeth are narrow triangular and hairy or bald. The five purple to red petals are fused.
There are Klaus fruits formed.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 28 or 30.
ecology
Broad-leaved thyme is a chamaephyte , subshrub, i. H. only the lowest parts of the stalk are lignified. It shows the following adaptations to drought: It has small evergreen leather leaves with sunken glands that carry essential oils as antiperspirants; He is also a deep-rooted, whose roots can reach a depth of 1 meter. In sunny places the plant forms red protective pigments in winter; in summer it is green.
Every now and then you will find plant populations that smell of lemon instead of the typical thymol- related smell of lemon. This breed contains citronellol , which is chemically related to thymol . There are at least a dozen different-smelling types that also differ genetically.
From an ecological point of view, these are male "real lip flowers" with protruding anthers and stigmas. In addition to hermaphrodite flowers, there are also all-female flowers and all-female plants. The spicy tasting nectar is produced in abundance and is covered by the hairs of the corolla tube and thus protected. The strongly fragrant flowers are visited by all sorts of insects; there is no self-pollination .
The Klausen fruits have an elaiosome , which is used to spread ants. That is why the species is often found on anthills. The fruit cup is closed by a wreath of hair. The fruit ripeness extends from August to November.
Occurrence
Common thyme is widespread almost all over Europe , but the focus is on the temperate sub-ocean area . In southern Europe the distribution is limited to mountains, in northern England , Ireland , Finland and northern Russia this species is synanthropic . The eastern limit of the distribution is about 38 ° E. L.
Common thyme thrives in dry grass , embankments, in gravel pits or on rocks; can be found in places especially on anthills. It prefers fresh to dry, nutrient-poor, base-rich, mostly low-lime, humus or raw sand, stone or clay soils . It occurs in Central Europe in many societies of the classes Sedo-Scleranthetea, Festuco-Brometea, Arrhenatheretea or the order Nardetalia.
ecology
He is a crawling pioneer with roots down to 1 meter depth and loves light and warmth.
Systematics
The first publication of Thymus pulegioides was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .
The common thyme comprises five subspecies and a fertile hybrid , which differ mainly in their leaf characteristics and their location requirements:
- Thymus pulegioides subsp. effusus (Host) Ronniger (Syn .: Thymus effusus Host ): It occurs in France, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and in the former Yugoslavia.
- Thymus pulegioides subsp. montanus (Trevir.) Ronniger (Syn .: Thymus serpyllum var. montanus Trevir. ): It occurs in southern Europe and in eastern central Europe.
- Thymus pulegioides subsp. pannonicus (All.) Kerguélen (Syn .: Thymus froelichianus Opiz , Thymus pulegioides subsp. carniolicus (Borbás ex Déségl.) PASchmidt , Thymus valderius Ronniger , Thymus pannonicus All. ): It occurs from southern Europe and eastern Central Europe to Asia.
- Thymus pulegioides subsp. pulegioides (incl. Thymus pulegioides subsp. chamaedrys (Fr.) Gusul. ): It occurs in Europe and is a neophyte in North America.
- Thymus pulegioides nothosubsp. pilisiensis (Borbás) ined. ( Thymus pulegioides subsp. Chamaedrys × Thymus pulegioides subsp. Pannonicus ): It occurs in the Czech Republic, Romania and the Ukraine.
use
Use as a medicinal plant
The blooming, dried branches are used as medicinal drugs .
Active ingredients are: 0.2-0.6% essential oil of different composition, depending on the origin of the drug , mostly with a high content of carvacol , as well as thymol , linalool , cineol , caryophyllene and other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic acid , triterpenes and flavonoids .
Applications: Broad-leaved thyme are said to have antispasmodic and antimicrobial effects; However, it is less effective than real thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ), as the essential oil content is significantly lower and their composition is different.
Especially in folk medicine , the drug is used for catarrh of the respiratory tract, internally and externally as a bath additive. The use for gastrointestinal disorders and loss of appetite is more common than with real thyme. In addition to the essential oils, the tannins and the bitter taste are likely to contribute to the effect.
Use in the kitchen
In the kitchen, the common thyme supports the digestion of fatty foods and goes well with poultry, shellfish, game, lamb, fish, vegetables, herb vinegar, herb oil, soups, sauces, potatoes and ragouts.
swell
literature
- Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 5 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Buddlejaceae to Caprifoliaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3342-3 , pp. 210-213 .
- Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 815 .
- ↑ a b c d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 782-783 .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 592, digitized .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Thymus pulegioides. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Special edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
Web links
- Broad-leaved thyme. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Broad-leaved thyme . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Thymus pulegioides L. s. l. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran.
- Thomas Meyer: Thyme data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
