Waldlerhaus
The Waldlerhaus is a local type of agricultural building in the Bavarian Forest and the Upper Palatinate Forest . The name "Waldlerhaus" goes back to the 19th century and describes the house of a person who lives in and from the forest.
The distribution area can be identified on the tree line of the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Forest. The delimitation of the associated cultural-historical area has been made more difficult by recent history. Because until the Second World War, the area of the lower Bavarian Forest, the Mühlviertel in Austria and the southern Bohemian Forest in today's Czech Republic formed a large unit. This also makes it difficult to distinguish it from the Bohemian Forest House , which is located in the border area with the Czech Republic and in Sumava .
House type
The Waldlerhaus is usually a single-ridge house with a gable roof. They are mostly small one- to two-storey unit houses with rear stables. At the end a barn is usually added. The ground floor can be made of stone. The knee sticks and upper floors are usually made of wood. Leg shingles weighted down with stones were the original form of the roofing, later replaced by interlocking tiles. The large overhang of the roof was due to the high levels of precipitation in the low mountain ranges. It offered good rainwater drainage and dry storage facilities outdoors. At the transition to the roofing with tiles, the roof pitch often had to be increased, which can be clearly seen from the beams on the ridge. Covering with bricks was favored in the 20th century because it saved higher fire insurance premiums.
The house entrance is almost always on the eaves side. In the Bavarian Forest museum village there are also some houses with gable-sided entrances. In front of the front door is the so-called " Gred ", a mostly paved, rain-protected path along the eaves side. The front door opens to a corridor, the so-called " Flez ". The first door in the direction of the gable immediately leads to the living room, which is mostly square, with two windows each to the gable and to the eaves side with the front door.
On the gable side on the upper floor, rarely on the eaves side, a balcony, called "aisle" or " shot ", is common. This balcony is very often boarded up to a few square meters, probably as protection against the rigors of the harsh climate. The ridge column is one of the few decorative elements, but also fulfills the function as a medium to hang up various things. The upper floor was also used outside on the eaves side. The console beams were added so that boards, poles, ladders and the like could be stored dry here.
There were seldom wealthy farmers in the forest areas. That is why Waldler houses are often small. The smallest form is called "Sacherl" or "Gütl". Waldlerhäuser also complement some of the larger economic units in the form of a discharge house for the older generation who have already handed over the farm.
In house
Waldler houses are also often found as former in-houses. The in-house is a house in front of the main building, which was available to residents who did not belong to the family . As a small stable house, it was created as a separate organizational unit for a "resident" who was, as it were, in a "sub-loan relationship" with the farm owner. The farmer made the building available to him “together with a small field and a few decimal fields. In return, [he] expected… work on the farm and in the field, at any time, sometimes a certain amount of money annually ”(Georg Baumgartner). Some of these outbuildings had evidently originally been the main houses of the property and, in the course of a certain economic boom, no longer met the demands of the owners. They then changed their function and, compared to the new construction of a residential house or residential stable, moved back into a row with other in-houses built specifically for this purpose. It also happened that they (after the completed construction of the main building for the Altenteiler discharge ler) have been reserved, their spatial claims could naturally be more modest.
room
The mostly square room was the center of domestic life. The brick oven was in one corner, and a continuous bench ran along the outer facade.
The sleeping chambers weren't just limited to the upper floor.
At the end of the passage, the Flez, there was originally the “Schwarze Kuchl”, a hearth from which the smoke had to find its way through the roof without a chimney.
Hazard and protection
The revision of the list of monuments of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, which was still ongoing in 2017, has already led to the deletion of three-digit Waldler houses. The small, low, dark rooms are difficult to reconcile with modern living requirements, and commercial uses are also practically impossible. This led to massive abandonment, neglect and demolition of this once formative type of house. But there are also examples of the preservation, renovation and rededication of Waldler houses.
Examples
Museum village of Tittling
Bavarian Forest Museum Village . Here the tour operators Höltl (founder has Roteltours ) spent years collecting work a large number of the decline of endangered houses with the inventory translocate leave. Waldler houses make up the majority of the houses presented here.
Rettenbach 12
Rettenbach 12 . The monument protection medal of the Free State of Bavaria went to the owners of this exemplary renovated specimen in 2017.
Hien-Sölde
Hien-Sölde . Somewhat larger Waldler houses are called Sölden. This copy has been renovated and serves as a folk music center for the Bavarian Regional Association for Homeland Care.
Finsterau open-air museum
Finsterau museum village . Some Waldler houses have been moved to this open-air museum at an altitude of almost 1000 m.
Rescue me, Cillie.
The architect Peter Haimerl , who grew up in the Bavarian Forest, implemented a new concept with a building that had been vacant since 1974 and was awarded the 2010 Audience Award by the Association of German Architects (BDA). The relatively dilapidated existing structure was barely changed, but cubes made of heat-insulating concrete were inserted from the inside, which enable relatively modern living and always allow a view of the old substance.
Bayerwaldhaus in the Westpark Munich
The Bayerwaldhaus , which was moved to the Westpark in Munich on the occasion of the International Horticultural Exhibition in 1983, has traveled the longest . It was previously in the Bavarian Forest Museum Village .
The Emerenz Meier house
The birth house of the writer Emerenz Meier , who was born in Schiefweg in 1874, is an inn with Museum Born in Schiefweg .
The oldest Waldlerhaus
According to current knowledge, the oldest Waldler house is in Teisnach , Hochfeld 1. The beams in the room were dendrologically dated to 1422.
The Schwarzauer House in Lohberg
In Lohberg , at the foot of the Arber, a Waldlerhaus from 1824 was extensively renovated and brought to life again. There is a permanent picture exhibition as well as changing art exhibitions.
Einödhof in Böbrach
The Einödhof in Etzendorf 16, Böbrach, goes back to 1650 and will be renovated in 2018.
Differences to the Bohemian Forest House
The difference to the Bohemian Forest House is still controversial among experts. This distinction is made more difficult by the fact that large parts of the Bavarian Forest were still operating under the term “Bohemian Forest” at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, only the Front Bavarian Forest was considered the Bavarian Forest . The house type, usually dubbed the Bohemian Forest house, can be found today mainly along the border with the Czech Republic and in Sumava . The roof is steeper and more elongated. On the gable side there is a crested hip . The weather-facing walls are covered with wooden shingles, originally also the roof.
Ground floors made of round beams are also found more frequently than in the Waldlerhaus. In Masáka Lhota, a special decorative shape has been preserved on several houses: the spaces between the dark beams were covered with light-colored plaster. In lower elevations, towards Bohemia, the courtyards are noticeably larger than in the barren heights. The Bohemian Forest houses have also become rare. One of the best-preserved ensembles can be found in the former "German chalets" near Stachau / Stachy , with an exemplary renovated residential stable house with a senior part. A special form of the Bohemian Forest house is the Wallerer house , the alpine style of which can be traced back to immigrants as the alpine region in the 16th century.
The crested hip is probably the most decisive difference
Gaps covered with light-colored plaster can often be found in Masákova Lhota
One of the best preserved Bohemian Forest farms can be found in the “Deutsch Chaluppen” near Stachau / Stachy
With the half-hipped roof, this house in Stadlern (Schwandorf district), which was awarded the monument price in 2017, is more of the Bohemian Forest house type
literature
- Gabriele Blachnik: On the way to the Bayerwaldhöfe, four bike tours and a hike , ed. from the Finsterau open-air museum, 2007
- Ortmeier, Martin: Farmhouses in Lower Bavaria , Passau 1989
- Baumgartner, Georg / Ortmeier, Martin (eds.): Freilichtmuseum Finsterau (Bavarian Museums 3) , Munich 1986
Web links
- "We in Bavaria" contribution by Bavarian television on the subject
- Series of publications by the Bavarian Monument Office
- Project "Birg mich, Cillie" by Peter Haimerl