Wallerer house

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Wallerer houses (photo by Rudolf Bruner-Dvořák, 1900)
Wallerer House (čp. 159 , 2018)

Wallerer House ( Czech volarský dům or volarský alpský dům) describes a type of wooden houses of alpine construction (dům alpského typu) from the 18th and 19th centuries. They were built in Wallern (today Volary ), a town in the Jihočeský kraj region (South Bohemia) in the Czech Republic .

history

Wallern was first mentioned in a document in 1359 and only received city ​​rights in 1871 . The original settlement was built on the Goldener Steig trade route in the 13th and 14th centuries. Another wave of settlements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. Mountain cattle breeders from Tyrol and Styria brought the traditional construction of their houses to the Bohemian Forest . It is unique in the Czech Republic and its occurrence is limited to the town of Volary and the neighboring village of Dobrá (Guthausen) .

Between 1856 and 1882, eight major fires broke out in the town, which largely consisted of wooden houses. In July 1863, a large fire destroyed 59 houses. As a result, new buildings with walls made of stone and brick were built. After the Germans were driven out, some houses were sold as firewood in the 1950s. The remaining houses were placed under protection as cultural monuments in 1958 . Most are in a monument reserve (památková rezervace; ÚSKP 1074), which was designated in 1995 along the Volarský potok ( Langwiesenbach or Schreinerbach ). Almost all listed buildings are privately owned and either inhabited or rented out as holiday apartments.

description

Volary, house čp. 42, floor plans (red: brick walls)
Volary, house čp. 50, floor plans (red: brick walls)
City Museum Volary, house čp. 70
Decorative boards on the balcony

Since the winters were snowy, cattle care had to be ensured even in the cold season. The stable and feed chambers were under one roof with the living areas. The central antenna structures are 13 to 20 meters wide and had the large house gate on the narrow side at the front and the town gate at the back as an entrance for agricultural wagons. Other houses, depending on their location, had a transverse corridor and a house gate with the entrance on the long side. The Stadeltor could also result in variants of this type but also to the rear or to the narrow side.

The Bohemian Forest supplied the building material for the log houses . The beams used to be hewn with a broad carpenter's ax and later sawn. The corner connections of the house walls were mostly jointed and rarely crossed. The inner walls were mortised into the outer walls and mostly plastered. The wide gable roofs with a slight incline used to be "slab roofs" where the roofing was weighted down with stones. Later it was also covered with wooden shingles, which today have almost all been replaced by brick, slate or sheet metal roofing. The west and street facades were also clad with clapboards as weather protection or for decoration. The shingles were then given round, curved or pointed shapes. The balcony on the top floor ran the entire width of the house. It was covered with carved balcony boards.

The large parlor and the smaller parlor were on the south side (or street side) of the house, behind which there were chambers and the kitchen. The smokehouse ( called Selch ) was built onto one of the chimneys . The stable was centrally located on one side of the house. Opposite was the feed chamber. The rear (northern) part of the house was made up of the haystack, straw, barn and the wooden barn. Only the living area had a basement. The basement and the foundations were made of quarry stone . Later, parts of the living area, the kitchen and the stable were also walled. After the great fire of 1863, the entire ground floor was often made of masonry. The agricultural property also included other wooden structures: outbuildings, barns and storage space for equipment. There was a hay barn in the meadows where the hay could be brought in quickly during storms. They were used when making hay and also as emergency shelter after the big fire.

  • Back of two houses

  • Wood connection

  • shingled weather side

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Wallerer Haus  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Volary. Právní ochrana. (Catalog No. 1000084290) ÚSKP 1074 in the monument catalog pamatkovykatalog.cz (Czech).
  2. ↑ Bruno Sitter: Wallern - Tyrol in Böhmerland . Grafenau 1991. pp. 19f.
  3. ↑ a b Bruno Sitter: Wallern - Tyrol in Böhmerland . Grafenau 1991. p. 19.
  4. ↑ Bruno Sitter: Wallern - Tyrol in Böhmerland . Grafenau 1991. p. 20.