Word formation and parts of speech in Spanish

The formation of words in Spanish , formación de palabras, is the subject of linguistic morphology , morfología lingüística . Word formation is the term used to describe linguistic processes with which new complex words ( lexemes ) are generated on the basis of existing linguistic means. These linguistic means can be simple and complex words, morphemes and affixes .

A part of speech or class of speech , categorías morfosintácticas as a lexical category, is understood to be the class of words in a language based on their assignment according to common grammatical features.

Word formation, formación de palabras

Word formation is one of the main forms of vocabulary expansion , alongside a change in meaning , cambio léxico-semántico and borrowing , préstamo lingüístico . As such, they are methods of lexical innovation .

At any time, epoch and in a constantly changing environment, people are called upon to react to the fact of missing words or linguistic means of expression by continuously expanding their vocabulary , procesos de formación de palabras . For the production of new words from existing words , i.e. word formation , formación de palabras , two variants are distinguished:

• Word derivation ( derivation , derivación );
• Word composition ( composition , composición ) and
• Parasynthesis, parasíntesis .

Derivation is characterized by the fact that a lexeme with one or more affixes combines on a morphological level to form a new unit of the Spanish vocabulary. When composing, the formation of a new word by combining at least two existing words (or word stems ).

• In the case of word derivation or derivation, derivación , a base lexem , base lexemática is combined with just one or several affixes to form a new word.
  • Derivation = base lexeme + affix

Therefore, depending on their position in relation to the basic complex , affixes, afijos can be divided into:

• • Prefixes , prefijos before the base lexeme: im - pur o, im - posible ;
  • Infixes , infijos or Inter Fixed midst of Basislexems: buen - ec -ito
  • Suffixes , sufijos after the base lexeme: internacio- al

There is also the option of combining several affixes for word formation: des - nacion - al - izar .

• In the case of composition, composición , two and possibly several autonomous lexemes are combined to form a new word.
  • Composition = Lexeme + Lexeme + (n-Lexeme)

In Spanish there are various word combinations:

• Verb and noun verbo + sustantivo : saca-corchos , abre-latas , agua-fiestas .
• Noun and adjective sustantivo + adjetivo : agua-marina , campo-santo , paso-doble , pelir-rojo , boqui-abierto , cari-lleno .
• Adjective and noun adjetivo + sustantivo : extrema-unción . media-noche , salvo-conducto , bajor-relieve .
• Noun and noun sustantivo + sustantivo : boca-calle , coli-flor , sueldo base , casa cuna , moto-carro , hombre lobo , hispano-hablante.
• Adjective and adjective adjetivo + adjetivo : sordo-mudo , verdi-azul , agri-dulce , alti-bajo.
• Adverb and adjective adverbio + adjetivo : biem-pensante .
• Noun, verb sustantivo + verbo : faz-ferir.
• Pronouns and verb pronombre + verbo : cual-quiera , que-hacer , quien-quiera.
• Verb and verb verbo + verbo : duerme-vela.

Another form of "word formation" is the expansion of meaning . The speakers of a language community can react to the demands of a constantly changing environment by changing the meaning or the change in meaning of existing words in their language by expanding their meaning. The word “pantalla”, for example, has its original relation to the object of an “ umbrella ”, for example protection. With the demands later, its meaning expanded to “cinema screen”, “screen” or “display”.

Another way of forming new words is nominalization and its opposite is denominalization .

In the area of loan words or borrowing , préstamo lingüístico for example in the terminology of electronic data processing , the English language has a great influence . The Internet vocabulary in Spanish in particular has a high number of Anglicisms or Anglo-American word creations.

Not to go unmentioned:

• the apheresis , aféresis . - Example: bus for autobus .
• the apocopying , apócope . - Example: cine for cinema .
• the contraction , contracción . - Example: docudrama from documento and drama .
• the epenthesis , epéntesis . - Example: toballa for toalla .

Parts of speech, categorías morfosintácticas

The part of speech theory tries to classify the lexical- grammatical units of a language. The part of speech must be distinguished from the syntactic function (sentence function) of a word such as subject , object , adverbial , attribute , etc.

Words can therefore be classified according to their meaning ( semantic ), according to their form ( morphological ) or according to their use in the sentence ( syntactic ). The speech of Spanish can be like everywhere in lexical and grammatical words divided, roughly content words and function words .

Both classes contain inflected , conjugable and immutable words:

Meaning, function ↓	Forms, classes
	flexible	flexionless
Lexically	Noun , sustantivo	Numerical word , nombre numeral
Lexically	Adjective , adjetivo	Adverb , adverbio
Lexically	Verb , verbo	Particle , partícula gramatical Interjection , interjección
Grammatically	Article , artículo	Preposition , preposición
Grammatically	Pronoun , pronombre	Conjunction , conjunción

Classifications

A word can be examined from different perspectives or scientific approaches, as follows:

• phonological criteria, criterio fonológico .
• morphological criteria, criterio morfológico .
• functional criteria, criterio funcional .
• semantic criteria, criterio semántico .

One word , palabra , is morphologically composed of meaningful units called morphemes , morfemas . Two classes can be constructed semantically and functionally for these morphemes:

• the lexical morphemes ( lexemes ), morfemas léxicos and

• the grammatical morphemes, morfemas gramaticales .

To simplify matters , the two groups can be summarized in such a way that the lexemes (lexical content morphemes ) preferably describe or verbalize facts , things , actions , properties . The grammatical morphemes (grammatical function morphemes ), however, the relationships between these facts, facts. They also give expression to more abstract categories of meaning, such as gender , number , tense .

Words either have a more lexical or grammatical meaning. With the lexical word classes, the main semantic information is conveyed to the recipient on the part of the language producer in a text , the spoken text , whereas the grammatical word classes or units are more functional characters. The group of grammatical units, including inflectional morphemes , functional words (such as structural verbs ), affixes , etc., is much more limited in number than the lexical word units.

literature

• Helmut Berschin , Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3. Edition. Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4
• Franz Rainer: Spanish word formation theory. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1984, ISBN 3-484-50337-8

Web links

• Ursula Reutner: Marking information in Spanish lexicons. The example of euphemisms. Romance Linguistics, University of Augsburg, pp. 1–15 - Romance Studies in Past and Present 14.2 (2008), Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg [2]

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Another, rather rare process is that of the new creation or original creation (cf. Wolfgang Fleischer, Irmhild Barz, with the collaboration of Marianne Schröder: Wortbildung der Deutschen Gegenwartsssprach. 2nd, revised and supplemented edition. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1995, ISBN 3-484 -10682-4 , p. 5f., Johannes Erben: Introduction to the German Word Formation Theory . 3rd revised edition, Schmidt, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-503-03038-7 , p. 18f.).
2. ^ Paul Gévaudan: Typology of lexical change. Change of meaning, word formation and borrowing using the example of the Romance languages. Stauffenburg, Tübingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-86057-173-6 , pp. 34f., 42-44. Another form of change is lexical depletion.
3. ↑ Martin Becker: The Development of Modern Word Formation in Spanish: The Political-Social Vocabulary Since 1869. Bonn Romance Works, Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-631-51011-X .
4. ↑ Kim Vermeersch: The desubstantivic 'ornative' verbs in German and Spanish: A chapter from the word formation viewed in contrast. Universiteit Gent, 2011/2012 [1]
5. ↑ Reglas de ortografía. Prefijos y sufijos.
6. ^ Justo Fernández López: Word formation. Formación de palabras. hispanoteca.org
7. ^ Antoon van Bommel, Kees van Esch, Jos Hallebeek: Estudiando español, basic grammar. Ernst Klett Sprachen, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-12-535499-9 , p. 178 f.
8. ↑ Juan Antonio Marín Candón: Prefijo- sufijo. Reglas de Ortografía.
9. ↑ Wolf Dietrich, Horst Geckeler: Introduction to Spanish Linguistics. (= Basics of Romance Studies. Volume 15). Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-503-06188-6 , pp. 88-99.
10. ^ Mervyn F. Lang: Formación de palabras en español: morfología derivativa productiva en el léxico moderno. Ed. Cátedra, Madrid 1990, ISBN 84-376-1145-8 .
11. ^ Rainer Walter: Spanish word formation theory. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-11-095605-5 .
12. ↑ Diccionario de la lengua española. Real Academia Española
13. ↑ The word originally comes from the Catalan "pàmpol" where it means "vine leaf", "lampshade" and is related to the Latin word "pampinus" for vine leaf pampinus
14. ↑ Martina Rüdel-Hahn: Anglicisms in the Internet vocabulary of the Romance languages: French - Italian - Spanish. Dissertation . Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 2008.
15. ^ Paul Gévaudan: Classification of Lexical Developments. Semantic, morphological and stratic filiation. ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dissertation. University of Tübingen, Tübingen 2002, p. 150 f. 
16. ↑ Justo Fernández López: Apokope, Epenthese, Contraction - Apócope, epéntesis y contracción. hispanoteca.eu
17. ^ Bernhard Pöll: Spanish Lexicology. An introduction. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-8233-4993-7 , p. 36.
18. ^ Table based on Helmut Berschin, Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3. Edition. Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 161.
19. ↑ Numerals, nombres numerales can be inflected to a limited extent .
20. ↑ Interjections, interjecciónes and particles, partícula gramatical , as structural elements in the sentence, also have a grammatical function
21. ^ Modified from Helmut Berschin, Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3. Edition. Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 161.
22. ↑ The word grammar , canoonet